902 THE HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS 



cases of Jansky (cells agglutinated by any serum 0, not by serum A or B) and 

 Sucker (cells agglutinated by sera of group B, serum-agglutinating cells of group A). 

 Atypical reactions with blood of corpses were described by Oppenheim and Voigt. 



HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS AND ANIMAL BLOOD 



Agglutinins specific for the human blood groups are present also in normal animal 

 sera and can be detected directly or by absorption tests. In this manner some evidence 

 was obtained as to the existence of other blood differences. It was possible, more- 

 over, to produce very active specific immune agglutinins by injecting blood A, B, or 

 AB into rabbits.' The effects are not regular but depend largely on the individual 

 response of the rabbit. 



In certain immune sera, after absorption with properly selected cells, agglutinins 

 are left behind which distinguish sharply individual bloods regardless of the group. - 

 In this manner three agglutinable factors were found; they differentiate six types of 

 blood within the same group, according to the present results. 



The existence in the blood of lower animals of agglutinable substances similar to 

 human isoagglutinins was established by von Dungern and Hirschfeld. According to 

 their results, the isoagglutinin (S can be absorbed in most cases from human sera by 

 corpuscles, e.g., of rabbits, dogs, and cattle. The animal agglutinogens detected by 

 this method, however, are not quite identical with the human isoagglutinogens. Ob- 

 viously, an investigation in this direction of the blood of anthropoid apes was of par- 

 ticular interest. Such studies showed that, in contrast to that of lower animals, the 

 blood of anthropoids contains agglutinogens (and agglutinins) indistinguishable from 

 those of human blood.-' Consequently, each individual ape can be assigned to one of 

 the four groups. The findings confirm the idea of a close biochemical relationship be- 

 tween apes and man and make it likely that the group agglutinogens appeared at a 

 time before anthropoids and man arose from a common stock. With reference to the 

 group agglutinogens, the blood of lower monkeys resembles that of other mammali- 

 ans; an element similar to, but not identical with, B was found in the erythrocytes of 

 the New World monkeys, Platyrrhinae and Lemurs, not in the Old World monkeys 

 (Ceropithecidae), a result of some significance for the problem of serological species 

 specificity. 



A further interesting relation of the group factors was discovered by Schiff and 

 Adelsberger^ in tests with immune sera against the so-called "heterogenetic" antigen 

 of Forssman.s These authors found that human red cells A (and AB) but not cor- 

 puscles of the other groups are intensely agglutinated by some such sera. Further- 

 more, some immune sera for group A corpuscles contain hemolysins for sheep blood, 



' Landsteiner, K.: Wicn. klin. Rundschau, No. 40. 1902; von Dungern, E., and Hirschfeld, L.: 

 Zlschr.f. Immunildlsforsch. u. cxper. Thcrap., 8, 526. 1910; Hooker, S. B., and .Anderson, L. M.: loc. 

 cit. 



' Landsteiner, K., and Levine, P.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, ^r Med., 24, 600, 941. 1927. 



3 Landsteiner, K., and Miller, C. P.: J. Exper. Med., 42, 841, 853, 863. 1925. 



f Schiff, F., and Adelsberger, L.: Zlschr.f. I mmunitdlsjorsch. u. exper. Thcrap., 40, 335. 1924; 

 Ilalber, W., and Hirszfcld, L.: ibid., 48, 34. 1926. 



s Forssman, J.: Biochem. Zlschr., 37, 78. 1911. 



