OTTENBERG AND BERES 



913 



cases in which it is possible to rule out the reputed father as definitely not the father 

 of the child being examined. Thus if the mother is of group O, the reputed father of 

 group A, and the child of group B, it may confidently be stated that the reputed father 

 is not the true one. 



THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL DATA 



Until recently the foregoing theory was universally accepted. In 1925 Felix Bern- 

 stein^ introduced a new genetic formula; and as this is based essentially on the fre- 

 quency distribution of the blood groups in different peoples, it will be necessary to con- 

 sider these first. 



TABLE V 



Frequencies of Blood Groups in Different Populations 



Population 



English 



French 



Germans 



Russians 



Arabs 



Indo-Chinese 



Chinese 



Indians 



American Indians 



Australian aborigines 



American Indians (full blooded) . 



Author 



L. and H. ITirschfeld* 

 L. and H. Hirschfeld* 

 L. and H. Hirschfeld* 

 L. and H. Hirschfeld* 

 L. and H. Hirschfeld* 

 L. and H. Hirschfeld* 

 Lui-Weng-Wangt 

 L. and H. Hirschfeld* 

 Coca and DeibertJ 

 Tebbutt and McConnel§ 

 Snyder] I 



Num- 

 ber 

 Exam- 

 ined 



500 

 500 



348 



1,000 



500 



500 



1 ,000 



1,000 



862 



141 



453 



Percentage in Each Group 



43-4 

 42.6 

 43 o 

 31.2 



324 

 22. 4 



25 



19.0 

 20. 2 



38. 5 

 7-7 



7.2 

 II. 2 

 12.0 

 21.8 



IQ.O 



28.4 



34 

 41. 2 



AB 



* Lance!, 2, 675. igig. 



t Cited from Hirschfeld, L.: Ergebn. d. 11 yg., BaklerioL, Immtmitalsjorch. u. exper. Thcrap., 8, 367. 1926. 



X J- Immunol., 8, 478. 1923. 



§ M . J . Australia, i, 201. 1922. 



\\ Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 9, 233. 1926. 



The study of human blood groups was approached from an entirely new angle by 

 L. and H. Hirschfeld' in 1919. These workers, serving on the Balkan front as army 

 physicians, found themselves among large numbers of representatives of many differ- 

 ent nationalities. They determined the distribution of the four blood groups among 

 sixteen peoples including over eight thousand persons, and found a difference in fre- 

 quency which they assumed to be significant. 



Similar studies have been conducted by other workers, and there have accumu- 

 lated data on over one hundred populations. Table V gives examples of these different 

 kinds of populations. The difference between the frequencies of the blood groups in 

 the American Indians, the Indians of India, and the Europeans is very striking. More 

 complete tables may be consulted in various papers (Bernstein,' Snyder,^ Ottenberg,'* 

 Hirschfeld,^ Lattes"). 



' Bernstein, F. : Ztschr.f. indiik. Alslamm. u. Vcrerbiings., 37, 237 1925. 



^ Hirschfeld, L. and H. : Lancet, 2, 675. 1919. 



3 Snyder, L.H.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 9, 233. 1926. 



■^ Ottenberg, R.: J. A.M. A., 84, 1393. 1925. 



5 Hirschfeld, L.: Ergebn. d. Hyg., Bakteriol., Immiinitdtsjotsch. u. exper. Thcrap.. 8, 367. 1926 



''Lattes, L. : Die IndividiialUdl des Bliites. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1925. 



