I002 TECHNIQUE OF EXPERIMENTATION IN ANAPHYLAXIS 



stimulation of vasomotor nerves.' Kling^ has called attention to an increased electrical 

 excitability of motor nerves as a result of sensitization. 



LOCAL REACTIONS 



The most pronounced local reaction in hypersensitive animals is the Arthus 

 phenomenon, the local inflammation and subsequent necrosis produced in hypersen- 

 sitive rabbits by a subcutaneous injection with specific foreign protein. Opie^ ex- 

 tracted the inflammatory area with physiological salt solution and showed by quanti- 

 tative precipitin tests that the injected foreign protein was largely retained in the 

 local area. The Arthus phenomenon, therefore, apparently plays an important de- 

 fensive role by preventing the local absorption of toxic protein. Local reactions have 

 also been studied in internal organs, particularly in the canine liver.'' 



MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICAL METHODS 



Numerous routine technical methods are used to supplement the physiological methods 

 outlined above. Rapid fixation methods, for example, have been applied to the histological 

 study of anaphylactic capillary reactions^ and of edemas.^ Hematological methods have re- 

 vealed the characteristic leukopenia, reduced platelet count,^ and eosinophilia, as well as 

 changes in the size of the individual red blood corpuscles.^ Chemical methods have been used 

 in a study of the anaphylactic reduction in blood coagulability,' to changes in protein and 

 non-protein nitrogen in shock blood" and shock tissues," and to anaphylactic alterations in 

 such blood components as cholesterol, calcium, ultra-filterable calcium chlorides." Also to 

 changes in H-ion concentration, alkali reserve,'^ 0-, CO2-, and sugar content, '■< glycogen 

 content, '5 and in tryptic and antitryptic power.'^ 



Physico-chemical methods have revealed changes in the viscosity, surface tension,'^ and 



' Biedl, A., and Kraus, R.: Wien. klin. Wchnschr., 22, 363. 1909; Hoefer, P., and Kohlransch, 

 A.: Klin. Wchnschr., i, 1893. 1922. 



^ Kling, C. A.: Ztschr.f. Immunildtsforsch. u. exper. Therap., 13, 43. 1912. 



3 Opie, E.: /. Immunol., 9, 259. 1924. 



4 Weil, R.: loc. cit. 



5 Rich, A. R.: /. Exper. Mel., 33, 287. 1921. 



^Manwaring, W. H., French, W. O., and Brill, S.: J. Immunol., 8, 211. 1923. 



1 Krueger, A. P., and Schultz, E. W.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. &" Med., 23, 153. 1925. 



* Zunz, E.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 93, 863. 1925. 



'Pepper, O. H. P., and Krumbhaar, E. B.: J. Infect. Dis., 14, 476. 1914. 



'"Hiranobu, K.: Am. J. Physiol., 50, 357. 1919. 

 . " Manwaring, W. H., and Oppenheimer, R.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. &° Med., 13, 176. 1916. 



'2 Zunz, E., and la Barre, J.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 91, 802, 1293. 1924; 93, 1044. 1925; 

 Blum, L., Delaville, M., and van Caulaert: ibid., 91, 1289-92. 1924. 



■3 Hirsch, E. F., and Williams, J. L.: /. Infect. Dis., 30, 256. 1922. 



''I Zunz, E., and la Barre, J.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., iii, 121. 1924; McCullough, M., and 

 O'Neill, F. I.: J. Infect. Dis., 37, 225. 1925. 



's O'Neill, F. I., Moy, H. B., and Manwaring, W. H.: J. Immunol., 10, 583. 1925. 



'^ Bronfenbrenner, J.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. 6° Med., 13, 42. 1915; J. Exper. Med., 21, 480. 

 1915- 



'' Zunz, E., and la Barre, J.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 90, 65S. 1924. 



