KATHARINE M. HOWELL 1039 



the antibody titre of immunized animals increased, and Hartley' obtained similar 

 results after repeated small bleedings at short intervals. These results suggest that 

 the stimulated hematopoietic tissues may be instrumental in the increased antibody 

 production. Dry heat was found by Murphy and Sturm^ to stimulate antibodies, 

 possibly through the effect on the lymphoid tissues, while exposure to cold, as noted 

 by Foord,^ caused no change in hemolysin and only a slight increase in typhoid ag- 

 glutinin. 



By injection of nuclein Bedsoni increased the phagocytic activity of leukocytes 

 during a period of hyperleukocytosis, and Tunnicliff^ found that leukocytic extract 

 increased phagocytic activity twofold and fourfold. M tiller'' treated animals with 

 aleuronat during immunization, and found that the serum contained more antibodies 

 and that the leukocyte count was higher than those of control animals. He attributed 

 the two effects to a common action. Such results favor the view of the French school 

 that antibodies are formed in the hematopoietic tissues, or even in the circulatory 

 polymorphonuclear leukocytes — a theory sponsored by Metchnikoff, Bordet, Gruber, 

 Wassermann, Citron, and others. Bachmann^ claimed actually to have demonstrated 

 the presence of specific antibodies within leukocytes after he had immunized rabbits 

 with t>'phoid bacilli. Thompson^ showed that tuberculin injected into rabbits prior 

 to the injection of sheep erythrocytes increased the production of specific hemolysin 

 twenty fold. He thought that this result was due to the irritating effect of the tuber- 

 culin on the endothelial phagocytes of the liver and spleen, a belief confirmed by the 

 microscopic examination of these tissues. 



The simultaneous effect of extracts and active principles of glands on antibody 

 formation has been investigated by many experimenters. Adrenalin, as reported by 

 Take and Marine,' has little effect on specific antibodies. Smith,™ however, has re- 

 cently noted an antibody response to adrenalin that is most interesting. Intraperi- 

 toneal and subcutaneous injections of adrenalin in normal rabbits in doses from 0,5 

 to 2 cc. are followed by increased capacity of the serum to kill bacteria. This reaction 

 is not specific, since it occurs for both B. typhosus and Staphylococcus aureus. It 

 is transitory, lasting only a few hours after antigen injection. Large doses or daily 

 doses diminish the bactericidal action, suggesting either exhaustion of the cells pro- 

 ducing antibody or a development of tolerance to adrenalin. Injection of foreign 

 protein has been found by Herrmann" and many others to increase antibody produc- 

 tion. This action may be attributed to liberation of bound specific antibodies. Nearly 



' Hartley, P.: Brit. J. Exper. Path., s, 306. 1924. 



2 Murphy, J. B., and Sturm, E.: /. Exper. Med., 41, 245. 1925. 



^Foord, A. G.: /. Infect. Dis., 23, 159. 1918. 



-•Bedson, S. P.: /. Path. 6° Bad., 19, 191. 1914-15. 



sTunnicIiff, R.: J. Infect. Dis., 26, 447. 1920. ^ Muller, P. J.: Arch.f. Hyg., 51. 365. 1904. 



^Bachmann, A.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 82, 1031. 1919. 



* Thompson, H. L.: /. Med. Research, 43, 37. 1922. 



'Take, N. M., and Marine, D.: /. Infect. Dis., 33, 217. 1923. 

 "Smith, G. H.: /. Immunol., 12, 205. 1926. 

 " Herrmann, S. F.: /. Infect. Dis., 23, 457. 1918. 



