I044 ORIGIN OF ANTIBODIES 



be actively immunized against pneumococci. Jungeblut and Berlot^ noticed that 

 diphtheria antitoxin formation was suppressed in guinea pigs when large intravenous 

 injections of iron had been previously given. Koboyashi and Shuwatsu (cited by 

 Jungeblut and Berlot) found that blockading the reticulo-endothelial system re- 

 stricted the typhoid agglutinins. Gay and Clark- reported that blocking of the system 

 with trypan blue suppressed the production of hemolysins and precipitins. Isaacs^ 

 also found that hemolysin and precipitin could be diminished by blockading the 

 system. Freund^ discovered that colloidal iron or trypan blue plus splenectomy sup- 

 pressed the hypersensitiveness of guinea pigs to tuberculin. On the other hand, 

 Rosenthal, Moses, and Petzal^ proved an actual increase in the antibody titre after 

 the reticulo-endothelial system was blockaded. Standenath'^ also noted increased an- 

 tibody formation after blocking this system. Frankel and Griinenberg^ splenecto- 

 mized rabbits and blockaded the system with iron and then vaccinated with B. proteus 

 X19; in comparing with normal rabbits they could detect no difference in the agglu- 

 tinin titres in the animals. Weiss and Kunze^ noted no change in antibody formation 

 after blockade. Lewis and Loomis,' blockading animals with trypan blue, found that 

 the capacity for forming antibody was increased. Paschkis'" discovered that rats lost 

 the power to store vital dyes in the reticulo-endothelial cells of the spleen when they 

 had been previously immunized against streptococci. Singer and Adler," immunizing 

 rabbits against pneumococcus type III and then injecting India ink, learned that the 

 rabbits acted as though they were not immune. Singer'- injected manganese chloride, 

 a drug taken up by the reticulo-endothelial system, and noted that this resulted in the 

 appearance of agglutinin against B. proteus X19 in guinea pigs experimentally in- 

 fected with typhus fever. 



At present the results of reticulo-endothelial blockade are conflicting and con- 

 fusing; not a surprising fact since the reticulo-endothelial system undergoes constant 

 change because of the rapid proliferation of its cells. Different materials have been 

 used for blockade; the dosage and the period of injection have varied; dififerent ex- 

 perimental animals have been employed; and different antibodies have been investi- 

 gated. 



EFFECTS OP DISEASE 



Disease has not thrown so much light upon the locus of antibody production as 

 might be expected. The immunity response of persons with diseases associated with 

 I Jungeblut, C. W., and Berlot, J. A.: /. Expcr. Med., 43, 613. 1926. 

 ^ Gay, F. P., and Clark, A. R.: J. A.M. A., 83, 1296. 1924. 



3 Isaacs, M. L.: Proc. Soc. E.xpcr. Biol, fir Med., 23, 185. 1925. 



4 Freund, J.: J. Immiowl., 11, 2)<^i- 1926. 



5 Rosenthal, F., Moses, A., and Petzal, E.: Zlschr.f. d. gcs. e.xper. Med., 41, 405. 1924. 

 '' Standenath, F.: Zlschr.f. Immunildlsforsch. u. e.xper. Therap., 38, 19. 1923. 



"> Frankel, F., and Griinenberg, K.: Zlschr. f. d. ges. expcr. Med., 41, 581. 1924. 

 * Weiss, S., and Kunze, J.: Wien. Arclt.f. inn. Med., 10, 451. 1925. 

 'Lewis, P. A., and Loomis, D.: /. Exper. Med., 43, 263. 1926. 

 " Paschkis, K.: Zlschr.f. d. ges. expcr. Med., 43, 175. 1924. 



" Singer, E., and Adler, H.: Zlschr.f. ImDniiiilalsforsch. 11. expcr. Therap., 41, 468. 1924. 

 '- Singer, E. : loc. oil. 



