576 



THE COMMUNITY 



by Shelford from the writing of H. C. 

 Covvles, and with his guidance (Shelford, 

 1913, p. 310). 



convergence in Indiana, the several seres 

 converge in the regional climatic climax; 

 namely, the beech-sugar maple community 



SAND RIDGE 



Cottonwood 

 Gray pine 

 Black oak 

 White oak 

 Red oak 

 Hickory 



CLAY BLUFF 

 Aspen 

 Cottonwood 

 Hop-hornbeam 

 White oak 

 Red oak 

 Hickory 



BEECH AND SUGAR MAPLE 

 Tulip Hickory 



Basswood 

 White elm and white ash 

 Swamp white oak 

 Buttonbush 

 Cattail and Bulrush 

 Water-lily and Water mill-foil 

 Chara 

 POND 



Red oak 

 Bur oak 

 Basswood 

 Hawthorn 



Slippery elm and white elm 

 River maple 

 Black willow 

 FLOOD-PLAIN 



Much later, Clements and Shelford 

 (1939, p. 231) worked out a coordinated 

 organization of convergence in north-cen- 

 tral Indiana, adapted from the original 

 Cowles diagram, but placed in a modem 

 frame. That is, each serai stage of five seres 

 is given both a plant and an animal serai 

 index. It should be noted that in both the 

 following and the previous arrangement of 



In the regions of overlap between biomes 

 the regional climatic climax may vary be- 

 tween the climax type of the biomes in- 

 volved. This brings to mind the view that, 

 just as there is an ecotone between com- 

 munities (p. 476), there is, in a much 

 larger sense, an ecotone between biomes. 

 For example, in the forest border region of 

 North America, between the western grass- 



SAND RIDGE 



L Cottonwood 

 Cicindela lepida 

 2. Jack pine 



C formosa generosa 

 3. Black oak 



Cryptoleon nebulosum 

 4. White oak-Black oak-Red oak 

 Hyaliodes vitripennis 

 5. Red oak-White oak 

 Cicindela sexgtittata 



BEECH-SUGAR MAPLE 



Plethodon cinereus 



5. Soft maple-Tulip 5. 



Plethodon cinereus 

 4. White elm- White oak 



Anguispira striatella 

 3. Buttonbush 



Asellus communis 

 2. Cattail-Bulrush 



Chauliodes rastricornis 

 1. Water-lily 



Musctdium partumeium 



5. Hickory-Red 

 oak 



Cicindela 

 sexguttata 

 4. Elm 



Panorpa venosa 

 3. River maple 

 Helodrilus 

 caliginosus 

 2. Willow 



Succinea ovalis 

 Ragweed 

 Tetragnatha laboriosa 



CLAY BANK 

 1. Bare ground 

 Cicindela limbalis 

 2. Shadbush 



Polygyra monodon 

 3. Cottonwood 



Polygyra monodon 

 4. Hop-hornbeam 



Fontaria corrugatus 

 Red oak-Hickory 

 Cicindela sexguttata 



Birch-Soft maple 

 Plethodon cinereus 

 4. Tamarack 

 Hyla crucifer 

 3. Poison sumac 

 Hyla versicolor 

 2. Cattail-BuhTish 

 Sistrurus catenatus 

 1. Water-lily 

 Musculium 

 partumeium 



FLOOD PLAIN 



SHALLOW POND 



DEEP POND 



