NATURAL SELECTION 



669 



Convergence of behavior characteristics 

 is also well known. A striking type of loco- 

 motion adapted to loose sand has inde- 

 pendently evolved in the sidewinder {Cro- 

 talus cerastes) in the Colorado Desert (Fig. 

 35; Mosauer, 1935) and in the African 

 sand viper {Cerastes vipera) in the Sahara 



series of resemblances among species of dif- 

 ferent genera of butterflies (Table 53). 



These mimics and many other cases point 

 to a correlation of color and geographic 

 locality rather than to a correlation of color 

 and phylogenetic relationships; hence a 

 selective agent in the geographic vicinity 



Table 53. Examples of Batesian Mimicry among Oriental Butterflies 



Region 



New Guinea 



Timor 



Lombok, Sumbawa and Flores . . . . 



Sumba 



Borneo 



India and Ceylon 



Nortk India 



Models 



Delias ornytion 



Delias 

 Delias 

 Delias 

 Delias 

 Delias 

 Delias 

 Delias 

 Delias 



splendida 



dohertyi 



oraia 



sumbawana 



fasciata 



indistincta 



eucharis 



belladona 



Mimics 



Huphina abnormis 

 Mynes doryca 

 Huphina laeta 



Huphina temena 



Huphina julia 

 Prioneris cornelia 

 Prioneris sita 

 Prioneris thestylis 



Desert (Mosauer, 1930). Another example 

 of convergence in an elaborate behavior 

 pattern is found in the building of rain- 

 shedding, chevron-shaped ridges on tree 

 trunks (Fig. 154) above the nest by the 

 termite, Procubitermes niapuensis (Termi- 

 tinae), of the Belgian Congo rain forest. 



is to be sought. In convergence of conspicu- 

 ously colored forms, the selective agents 

 have been assumed to be vertebrate preda- 

 tors capable of learning to associate colora- 

 tion with unpleasant experiences. We agree 

 with Darlington (1938) that further exper- 

 imental tests on possible predators are 



Table 54. Data Showing an Inverse Abundance of Intermediate (Nonmimetic) Forms and 

 Models (From Carpenter, 1920, p. 265) 



and by the termite, Constrictotermes cavi- 

 frons (Nasutitermitinae) of the Guiana 

 rain forest (Emerson, 1938; see also pp. 

 434,645, Fig. 235). 



Perhaps the most striking examples of 

 convergence are found among animals ex- 

 hibiting the phenomenon commonly refer- 

 red to as mimicry. Dixey (19?^) records a 



needed before we can wholly accept the 

 theoretical explanation, but so far no other 

 theory seems to be in such harmony with 

 the known facts. 



Carpenter (1920) observed variations in 

 populations of paired mimetic butterflies on 

 the islands of Lake Victoria in Africa. The 

 resemblance is close between the various 



