Competition, among mam- 

 mals, 661ff., 682 

 mixed-species, 329, 368 

 population, 345-352, 368, 



369, 370, 502 

 population density and, 332, 



700, 710 

 among Protozoa, 368, 658 

 research, design of, 369 

 selection and, 640, 641, 656 

 Complex, boll weevil, 5S 

 Complexity, in adaptation, 

 666, 670, 671 

 in associations, 693, 694 

 of ecosystem, 696 

 in exploitation, 700, 701 

 in organs, 672 

 in preadaptation, 640, 641, 



643, 645, 647, 648 

 in regressive evolution, 674, 



678, 679, 683 

 of selection pressure, 655 

 in societies, 632, 634, 635 

 of supraorganism, 721-729 

 Compressibility of water, 136 

 Comstock, John Henry, 52 

 Concentration zone in lakes, 



453 

 Concept, Me zone, 114 

 Conditioned behavior. See 



Behavior. 

 Conditioning, coefficient, 356 

 environmental, 352, 398, 



518 

 by fixation of poisons, 360, 



361 

 habitat, 352-355 

 heterotypic, 355 

 homotypic, 355 

 by populations, 352-361 

 of substratum, 361 

 of water, 232, 355, 356, 

 357, 360, 361 

 Conditions of existence, 57, 

 73-78, 640, 671. See also 

 Mortality, Survival. 

 Conifer community, 566, 568, 



569, 699 

 Conservation, 377, 672 

 water, 184, 185, 186, 481 

 wildlife, 68, 400, 706, 707, 

 723 

 Consumers, 508, 509 

 primary, 510 

 quarternary, 510 

 secondary, 510 

 tertiary, 510 

 Continental drift, 78 

 Control, biological, 52. See 

 also Pests. 

 environmental, 215. See also 



Homeostasis. 

 population, 430, 690, 706 



SXJBJECT INDEX 



Convergence, community, 

 575, 576, 577 

 in fishes, 642, 668 

 principles of, 474, 575, 576, 



577 

 in series, 575, 576 

 stratal, 474 



structural, substrate and, 

 164 

 Convergent evolution. See 



Evolution. 

 Convoluta, in marine littoral 



habitat, 456, 457 

 Cooling, Newton's law of, 166 

 Cooperation(s), 11, 30, 31, 

 32, 395, 396, 698. See 

 also Mutualism. 

 evolutionary, 29 

 natural, 397, 418 

 selection and, 687, 694 

 Copepoda, 119, 335, 452, 617 

 Copper, 167, 204, 205 

 Copulation, 690, 691, 722. See 



also Mating behavior. Sex. 

 Coral reefs, 40, 214, 456, 570, 



596 

 Cordus, 16 

 Coreidae, 473 



Corioli's force. See Earth, ro- 

 tational force. 

 Cormorants, 411, 660, 699 

 Corn borer, 386-389, 724 

 Cornell school of naturalists, 



52 

 Cotton boll weevil, 52, 53 



stainer, 188 

 Cottonwood community, 566, 



568, 569 

 Courtship, 620, 688, 690, 710. 

 See also Mating behavior. 

 Cover. See Shelter. 

 Cowles, H. C, 53 

 Coyotes, 706 



Crabs, 252, 412, 611, 620, 

 631, 675, 710. See also 

 Crustacea. 

 horseshoe, 158, 632, 680 

 Crayfish, 46, 225, 226, 439, 



559, 652, 673, 696, 705 

 Crepidula, sex determination, 



409, 410 

 Cretaceous, 81, 639, 662, 680, 



682, 718, 726 

 Crickets, 621, 690. See also 



Orthoptera. 

 Crop, annual, 502, 504, 519 



standing, 504 

 Cross fertiUzation of plants. 



See Pollination. 

 Crotalus cerastes, 164 

 Crowding, effects of, 395, 

 402, 409, 410. 411 



809 



Crustacea, of abyssal benthic 

 zone, 460. See also Am- 

 phipoda, Crabs, Crayfish, 

 Isopoda. 



aperiodicity, 599 



community, 439 



diel migration, 554, 555 



mutuahsm, 252, 253 



regressive evolution, 675 



seasonal movements, 542 



vertical stratification, 450 

 Cryptozoa, 364, 697 

 Cube rule, 132, 149 

 Cuckoos, egg mimicry, 670. 

 See also Nest parasites. 



nest parasitism, 657 

 CuHcidae, 485, 490. See also 



Mosquitoes. 

 Cultivation of fungi. See Fun- 

 gus growers. 

 Culture, 693, 694. See also 



Heredity, social. 

 Curcuhonidae, 490, 491, 665. 



See also Weevils. 

 Current(s), air and water, 

 140-157 



clearing action, 154 



ocean, 149, 150, 151, 152 

 causation, 150 



water, 141, 149,-156 

 Cuvier, 29 



Cycles, 528-562, 603, 705. 

 See also Periodicity, Sea- 

 sonal. 



hydrological, 178 



life. See Life cycles. 



nutrient, basic, 239 



population, 60, 323, 324, 

 325, 326, 366 



primary, 348 



reproductive, 432 



soil, 216 



sunspot, 85, 86, 87, 367, 368 

 Cyclomorphosis, 118, 685, 686 

 Cyclones, 142, 144, 145 

 Cyclops, 702, 703, 704. See 



also Crustacea. 

 Cynipidae, 491, 610, 613, 701. 



See also Hymenoptera. 

 Cytology, 641. See also 



Chromosomes, Genetics, 



Polyploidy. 



Dahl, 42 



Dalton's law, 191 



Dampier, 394 



Dana, J. D., 38 



Danaus plexippus, 99, 134 



Daphnia magna, heart beats, 

 114 

 populations, temperature 

 and crowding, 334 



Darwin ( -ian ) , adaptive evo- 

 lution. 599 



