Distribution, 341, 365, 663, 

 666, 679, 680, 726. See 

 also Dispersion; Geog- 

 raphy; Stratification, ver- 

 tical; Zoogeography. 

 ballooning spiders, 134, 148 

 barriers to, 78. See also 



Barriers. 

 contagious, 365, 366, 393 

 discontinuous, 629 

 geographical, 54, 78, 597, 

 608, 629, 641, 659, 660, 

 661, 662, 666, 669, 715, 

 725. See also Barriers, 

 Dispersion, Geography, 

 Isolation. 

 horizontal, of lake vegeta- 

 tion, 451, 452 

 of littoral animals, 455- 



459 

 of marine organisms, 453- 



461 

 in mountains, 594 

 of seaweeds, 454 

 of organisms by wind, 134, 

 146, 148, 149, 613. See 

 also Winds. 

 Poisson, 364 

 of rain forest, 482 

 stratal, 489-494 

 temperature and, 114-117, 



207-211 

 vertical, aquatic, 134 

 of Ceratium, 448, 449 

 of marine prawns, 449 

 in mountains, 116, 595 

 Division of labor, 393, 631, 

 632, 636, 644, 645, 

 672, 683, 684, 687, 

 691, 713, 728. See also 

 Adaptation, Organism, 

 Parental care. Social, 

 Societies. 

 among social insects, 420 

 Dogs, 636, 643, 666 

 Dohm, Anton, 33, 39 

 Dollo's law, 679 

 Domestication, 253, 317, 626, 

 641, 643, 644, 672, 694, 

 723. See also Plants, culti- 

 vated. 

 Dominance, social, 413, 414, 



430 

 Dormancy, 104. See also Hi- 

 bernation, Aestivation. 

 invertebrate, 19, 99, 102, 



185, 439 

 vertebrate, 104, 105, 106 

 Doubleday, Thomas, 265 

 Dove, mourning, 339 

 Dredge, introduction of, 38 

 Drift line, lake shore, 148, 

 394. 534, 535, 566 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Drive, 6, 30, 437, 530, 590. 



See also Instinct. 

 Drosophila, 403, 408, 607, 

 608, 613, 619, 622, 627, 

 647, 652, 655, 668 

 funebris, distribution, 117 

 melanogaster, 61, 267, 275, 

 282, 298, 307, 309, 349, 

 350, 600 

 survivorship curves, 274, 

 275 

 Drought, 338, 339, 578, 656 

 Dry periods in grasslands, 475 

 Ducks, 607, 609, 676 

 Dunes, 47, 534, 535, 566, 567, 



568, 569, 697, 727 

 Dung, component, grassland, 

 472 

 grassland, 469, 472 

 intracommunitv succession, 



567, 568, 569 

 organisms, 469, 472, 533, 

 567, 568, 569, 665, 718. 

 See also Excretions, 

 seasonal succession, 533 

 DuPlessis-Gouret, 41 

 Dust bowl, 579 



storms, 475, 516, 579, 580 



Ears, 140, 672, 673. See also 

 Sound. 

 in Lepus, 119 

 Earth, general properties, 76 

 rotational force, 141, 146, 

 150 

 Earthquakes, 130, 578 

 Earthwon-ns, 480, 484, 538 



soil pH and, 223 

 Echinodermata, 61, 401, 402, 



689 

 Echolocation, 140, 643 

 Ecochmate, 211 

 Ecoclines, 626, 627, 674, 677 

 Ecological, ages, 286, 422 

 Monographs, 63, 64 

 optima, 213 

 position, 6, 420, 425, 648, 



671, 695, 712 

 Society of America, 49 

 temperature zero, 107, 110, 



111 

 threshold, 110, 111, 213, 

 685, 692 

 Ecology, 63, 64 

 Ecology, adjustment, 17 

 applied, 68. See also Agri- 

 culture, Pests, Plants. 

 before 1900, 13-43 

 biotic organization, 58 

 content, 24, 29 

 definition, 1, 3 

 evolution and, 29-32, 48, 

 49. 598-729 



811 



Ecology, genetic variation 

 and, 599-605 

 historical origins, 43 

 human, 57 

 impact of techniques on, 



49 

 isolation and, 605-630 

 nocturnal, 53, 67, 185, 553, 

 618, 628, 643. See also 

 Animals, nocturnal. 

 physiology compared with, 



2 

 plant, 4, 43, 44 

 population investigations, 



346 

 range, 17 

 scope, 1 



self-conscious, rise of, 42 

 taxonomic categories and, 



625 

 in 20th century, 43-72 

 Economy, growth, 677 

 Ecophene, 20, 448, 449, 500, 



626, 630 

 Ecospecies, 626 

 Ecosystem, 348, 513, 598, 635, 

 684 

 complexity of, 696 

 evolution of, 695-729 

 Ecotone, 481, 513, 576, 653, 

 696, 727 

 concept of, 476, 477, 478 

 Ecotypes, 611, 626, 628, 674 

 Ectophagous agents, soil ani- 

 mals as, 465 

 Edaphon, 235, 510, 511 

 Edge effect, 478, 513, 576, 



577, 696 

 Efficiency, biological, 519, 520 

 Eggs, 209, 644, 645, 664, 686, 

 687, 700, 701, 712, 713, 

 722. See also Clutch size, 

 Nests, Parental care. 

 color of, 615, 670, 671 

 diploid, 647 



fish, pressure effects on, 

 138 

 random dispersal, 647 

 relation of numbers to 

 behavior, 685 

 haploid, 647 

 Ehrenberg, 37 



Elasmobranchs, osmotic rela- 

 tions, 169 

 Elateridae, 486, 491, 665 

 Electricity, 157 

 Electromagnetic spectrum, 88 

 Elephants, 600, 654 

 Elms, 612, 613 

 Elton, Charles, 64, 401 

 Eltonian pyramid. See Pyra- 

 mid of numbers. 

 Eluviation, 218 

 Embolism, gas, 138 



