812 



Embryology, 397, 401, 402, 

 506, 623, 631, 633, 635, 

 636, 637, 641, 648, 657, 

 664, 677. See also Caeno- 

 genesis. Ontogeny, Reca- 

 pitulation, Vestigial charac- 

 ters. 

 Embryonic transplants, 397 

 Emergent evolution. See Evo- 

 lution, emergent. 

 Emerson, A. E., 189 

 Emigration, 134, 146, 148, 

 149, 186, 214, 350-352, 

 539, 603, 626, 649, 684, 

 686. See also Dispersion, 

 Immigration, Migration. 

 survival and, 685 

 Empedocles, 14, 30 

 Enchytraeidae, 465, 484 

 Encystment, 538 

 Endemism, 580, 609, 611, 612, 



666, 700, 723, 725 

 Endoadaptation, 631, 640, 

 641, 664, 683, 689, 694, 

 718. See also Adaptation, 

 Physiology. 

 Endocrines, 679 

 Endocrinology, 632, 671. See 



also Hormones, Glands. 

 Energy, expenditure, 92 

 radiant, total, 88 

 receipt, 93 



relations of life, 598, 657, 

 658, 679. See also Food. 

 transfer betvi^een trophic 

 levels, 519 

 England and Wales, birth 

 rates, 289 

 death rates, 291 

 English sparrow, 724, 726, 



727 

 Entomology, applied, 27, 28, 

 29. See also Pests. 

 medical, 28, 29 

 Entomostraca, 335, 686. See 

 also Cladocera, Copepoda, 

 Crustacea, Daphnia. 

 Entophagous agents, soil ani- 

 mals as, 465 

 Entropy, 598 

 Environment, 1 



adaptation to, 76, 599, 685 

 biotic, of populations, 332, 



346 

 chemical, 164-167 

 control of, by ants, 559. 



See also Homeostasis. 

 effect of gra\'ity on, 130 

 of pressure on, 136 

 on ants, 652 

 factors, 117 



of interdependence, 205- 

 215 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Environment, fitness of, 73, 

 630, 642, 698 

 general, 73-87 

 group control of, 215 

 holocoenotic, 87, 205, 206 

 lack of fitness, 77 

 lentic, 154 

 lotic, 154 

 mechanical forces, 129, 134, 



135, 139 

 modification of, 398 

 physical, 164, 697 

 heat eflFects, 91 

 of populations, 332, 333- 

 346 

 physicochemical, 164-167, 



697 

 relations of individual or- 

 gans to, 3 

 to populations, 24 

 stratification, 131 

 temperature and, 73, 598 

 unfitness of, 77 

 variations in time, 80-87 

 varying temperatures in, 



108, 109, 110 

 versus heredity, 3 

 Environmental, conditioning, 

 352, 398, 518 

 control, 215. See also 



Homeostasis. 

 factors, combinations of, 



206-215 

 resistance, 61, 303, 504, 

 392 

 Enzymes, 62, 127, 602, 716 

 Eocene, 81, 662 

 Ephydridae, heat hardiness, 



103 

 Epicoles, 244, 257 

 Epidemic(s), 337, 699 



wave, 382, S83 



Epidemiology, 60, 271, 380 



ecological aspects, 379-386 



Epilimnion, 94, 192, 193, 194, 



202, 204, 461, 462, 499, 



573 



Epiorganism, 693, 698. See 



also Supraorganism. 

 Epiphytes, 482 

 Equilibrium, 598, 632, 655, 

 656, 660, 680, 681, 683, 

 701, 705, 706, 728, 729. 

 See also Balance, Period- 

 icity, Stability. 

 biotic, 710 

 population, 305, 315 

 Equivalence, ecological, 588, 

 656, 659, 660, 662, 

 666, 696, 724, 726, 

 727, 728 

 competition and, 369 



Equivalence, partial, principle 

 of, 223, 490 

 stratal, principles of, 469, 

 470, 471, 474 

 Erosion, 475 



Escape mechanisms, 214, 634, 

 665, 705. See also Color, 

 Defense. 

 Estivation. See Aestivation. 

 Ethics, 31, 694 

 Ethology, 42. See also Isola- 

 tion, ethological. 

 Etkins, Wilham, 77 

 Eugenics, 271 

 Euler's principle, 132 

 Eulittoral zone, 454 

 Eupaguridae, 438 

 Eupagurus, hierarchy, 411 

 Euroky, 213, 214 

 Eurybathic organisms, 139 

 Euryhaline organisms, 341, 



668 

 Euryphagy, 373 

 Eurysalinity, 170 

 Eurythermal, 213 

 Euthenics, 271 

 Eutrophy, 577 



Evaporation, 181, 182, 183, 

 228, 672. See also 

 Drought, Dry. 

 rate, 480, 567, 697 

 Evaporimeter, Piche, 19 

 Evolution, adaptive, 599 

 of ants, 718 



of behavior, 633, 636, 666, 

 669, 676, 678, 685, 690, 

 713, 721. See also Be- 

 havior; Isolation, psycho- 

 logical; Psychology. 

 community, 635, 695-729 

 convergent. See also Adap- 

 tation, Analogy, Selec- 

 tion. 

 adaptive radiation and, 



664 

 axial, 631 

 in birds, 668, 676 

 caenogenetic, 635 

 in desert lizards, 634 

 display, 689 

 general, 667-672 

 in horse, 638 

 inquihnous, 718-721 

 in mammals, 666flF. 

 nasute, 727 

 phragmotic, 425 

 phylogenetic, 642 

 regressive, 672, 673, 674, 

 676, 679 

 of ear, 672ff. 

 ecology and, 29-32, 48, 49, 



598-729 

 emergent, 693 



