814 



Fish(es), food habits, onto- 

 genetic changes in, 516 



food web, 511 



fresh-water, productivity of, 

 521 



gas embolism, 138 



gill bars, evolution of, 672 



habitat restriction, 726 



isolation by distance, 607 

 ecological, 61 Iff. 

 genetic, 623 

 psychological, 619 

 seasonal, 617 

 topographic, 609, 612 



Jordan's vertebrae rule, 119 



Latimeria, 680 



marine, lunar periodicities 

 in, 544 

 productivity of, 520ff. 



migrations of, 539 



mortaUty, 649 



nests, 685 



oils, source of vitamin D, 

 128 



osmotic relations, 169, 170, 

 171 



oxygen requirements, 45, 

 51, 343 



parasites of, 615, 702, 703, 

 704 



pH, reaction to, 174, 175 



plankton feeding by, 524 

 relations with, 346 



poisons, fixation by gold- 

 fish, 360 



populations, 284, 285, 321, 

 322, 345 



preadaptation in, 643 



predation on, 373 



effect on speciation, 700 



predators, 700 



pressure effects on, 138 



protection of eggs and 

 young, 701 



sexual parasitism, 260 



speciation in African lakes, 

 61 Iff. 



stratification of, 450, 457, 

 460, 466 



streamhning of, 156, 157 



successional relations of, 

 572ff. 



turbidity, effects on, 455 

 Fisheries, relation to fertility, 



237 

 Fishing effort and size of 



catch, 322, 379 

 Fitch, A., 28 



Fitness of environment, 73, 

 630, 642, 698 



of organisms. See Adapta- 

 tion. 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Flatworms, 45, 599, 673, 685, 

 689, 701, 712, 713. See 

 also Flukes, Tapeworms. 

 Flea(s), 337, 615, 675, 701, 

 707 

 populations and humidity 

 and temperature, 337 

 Flies. See also Drosophila, 

 Horseflies, Mosquitoes, 

 Tsetse flies. 

 Chironomidae, 453 

 coloration, 668 

 Cuhcidae, 453 

 diel periodicity, 556 

 fecundity of, 653 

 food web, 494, 512, 534 

 forest floor, 465 

 genetics, 648, 654, 668 

 habitat, 671 

 host-parasite populations, 



385 

 introduction of, 724 

 mating, 690, 691 

 Miastor, 599 

 parasitic, 675, 676, 700 

 physogastry, 720, 721 

 pollination, 715 

 pupation rhythm, 552 

 Simuhidae, 708 

 symbiosis, 248 

 temperature and, 110 

 Fhght, birds, 132, 136, 634 

 colonizing, 422, 423, 433, 

 617, 645, 672, 692, 713, 

 722, 726 

 insect, 635, 665, 675, 696, 



726 

 mammals, 666. See also 



Bats. 

 mating, 687 

 soaring, 132, 136 

 weak, and winds, 147 

 Floods, 155, 505, 579 

 Floor stratum in forests, 481, 

 485-488 

 in grassland communities, 

 467-472 

 Flotation, 118, 132, 133, 134, 



137, 165, 683, 725, 726 

 Flowers, 249, 250, 423, 433, 

 617, 623, 677, 689 

 adaptations to, 248, 424, 



433, 715 

 ultraviolet coloration, 128, 

 715 

 Fluctuations, population, 305, 

 318, 701, 722. See also 

 Periodicity, Population fluc- 

 tuations. 

 Flukes, 259, 615, 632, 686, 



702 

 Fluorine, 221 



Flyways, 540. See also Migra- 

 tion. 



Foehn wind, 145 

 FoetaUzation, 636, 637 

 Food, adaptations for, 238, 

 241, 611, 634, 635, 662, 

 664, 665, 666, 668, 672, 

 690. See also Feeding. 

 animal, 237 



availabihty of, 151, 180, 

 518, 524, 530, 686, 728 

 chain, 57, 238, 464, 486, 

 508, 511-517, 534, 

 535, 696, 705, 722 

 Darwinian, 513, 514 

 cycle, 511 

 density-dependent aspects, 



345 

 habits of fishes, 516 

 link, 516 

 mesh, 516 

 niche, 510, 515, 516 

 plant, 239 



pollen, 423, 424, 665, 715 

 as population factor, 344, 



722 

 quahty, 239, 242, 345, 525, 



722 

 quantity, 137, 239, 345, 



525, 672, 685, 705, 722 

 relations, 55, 421, 423, 424, 



706, 707, 722, 728 

 size, 242, 525 

 storage, 421, 424, 425, 646, 



671, 690 

 supphes, tropical forest, 



237 

 surplus, 236 

 water from, 186 

 web, 511-528, 696, 699, 

 722 

 of flies, 494, 512, 534 

 winter, 530, IQl 

 Foot. See Feet. 

 Foredune community, 566, 



568, 569, 697 

 Forel, A., 33 



Forest(s), beech-maple, birds, 

 122 

 light intensity, 232 

 ultraviolet cut-off, 127 

 border, 576, 577 

 climate, 480, 481 

 coniferous, SO, 483, 585. 



See also Taiga. 

 deciduous, 80, 586-588, 

 699, 724 

 biomes and biome-type, 



586 

 temperate, 80, 487 

 diel periodicity, 480, 481, 

 547-552, 553, 554, 557 

 edge community, 478, 513, 



576, 577, 696 

 equatorial rain, 482, 483 

 fires, 210, 479, 485, 578 



