Forest(s), floor, biota, 485- 

 488, 522, 52S 

 insect populations, 332 

 light, 232 

 mammals, 467 

 pyramid of numbers, 522, 



523 

 rain, 79, 147, 425, 435, 



482, 593, 645, 646 

 seasonal succession, 532 

 "second floors," 482, 485 

 seed deposition in, 481 

 soil, 224, 225 

 stratification in, 478 

 succession, 566, 567, 568, 

 569, 573, 575, 576, 577 

 temperate, 80, 586, 587, 

 588, 657, 697, 699, 724 

 temperature, 229, 480 

 tropical, biome-type, 592 

 diel periodicity, 548, 549, 



550, 557, 558 

 floor populations, 488 

 food supplies, 237 

 pyramid of numbers, 523 

 "second floor," 485 

 stratification, 482, 483, 



489 

 temperatures, 228, 229 

 Forest-on-sand sere, 566, 567, 



568, 569 

 Forestry, fire-danger index, 



210 

 Fossorial habits, 465, 466 

 Fox Lake area, probable suc- 

 cession, 572 

 Foxes, 325, 326, 603, 604, 



608, 654, 668 

 Franz, Edyth H., 400 

 Freezing, insects, 100, 101, 

 102 

 point, sea water, 179 

 Frequency spectra, Raunkiaer, 



518 

 Fritsch, 41 



Frogs, 105, 108, 620, 652, 

 677, 702. See also Am- 

 phibia. 

 eggs, 197, 402 

 Frostless belt, mountain, 146 

 Fruit(s), 714 



eaters, 613, 714, 715, 724 

 Fruitfly, 209, 210, 724. See 



also Drosophila, Flies. 

 Fucus, crowding effects, 408 

 Function, loss of. See Evolu- 

 tion, regressive. 

 Fundulus heteroclittis, 45 

 Fungi, 259, 642, 647, 699, 

 703, 711, 712, 713, 714. 

 See also Rusts. 

 Fungus, eaters, 423, 613, 665, 

 713, 718. 722 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Fungus, growers, 246, 421, 

 424, 425, 665, 713, 714, 

 718 

 habitat, 437, 438, 533, 570 



Gall(s), bacteria, 711 



insects, 386, 491, 610, 613, 



698, 699, 701, 703 

 wasps, 491, 610, 613 

 Galton, Francis, 27, 54 

 Game management, 68 

 Gas(es), atmospheric, 75, 

 189-197 

 dissolved, 191 

 volume, 189 

 bubbles, respiration from, 



194 

 dissolved, bacteria and, 192 

 effect on fishes, 343 

 stratification in lakes, 193 

 embohsm, 138 

 Gaseous exchange in nests, 



425, 633, 714 

 Geckos, activity, 550, 552 

 Gels, pressure effects on, 138 

 Gemmules, sponge, 102 

 Gene(s). See also Genetics, 

 Mutations. 

 ecological relations, 598- 



605 

 environmental release, 695 

 fixation, 602, 605, 616, 629, 



681, 682, 687, 692 

 flow, 606, 607, 623, 627, 



630. See also Isolation. 

 frequency, 602, 603, 604, 

 605, 607, 610, 616, 

 638, 648, 649, 654, 

 655, 664, 682, 683, 

 685, 688, 690 

 sex and, 681 

 hybrid transfer, 624 

 mimicry, 670, 688 

 multiple effects, 677 

 mutation rate, 684 

 natural selection, 641, 646, 



647, 690 

 neutral, 696 

 orthogenesis, 638, 639 

 parallel evolution, 666 

 preadaptation, 648 

 reassortment, 680 

 recombination, 629, 638, 

 639, 648, 649, 655, 664, 

 680, 681, 684, 689. See 

 also Sex, Variations. 

 Rhinotermitidae, 722 

 secondary result, 628 

 selection, 682 



pressure, 654 

 social integration, 427 

 stability, 600, 655, 681 

 Generations, length of, 600, 

 654, 680 



815 



Generations, overlapping, 320 

 Genetics and ecology, 623, 

 625, 630, 634, 635, 637, 

 641, 643, 644, 649, 662, 

 664, 666, 676-678, 680, 

 681, 683, 684, 686, 687, 

 692, 695, 701, 721, 728. 

 See also Evolution; Isola- 

 tion, genetic. 

 of flies, 648, 654, 668 

 of Hymenoptera, 647, 688 

 population, 599-605, 606, 

 646, 647, 654, 655 

 Genitaha, 618, 647, 689 

 Geobionts, forest, 484 

 Geoclines, 607, 626 

 Geocoles, 484, 485, 705 

 Geodia community in archi- 



benthic, 459 

 Geoecotype, 626 

 Geography, animal, 78, 148, 

 149, 215, 597, 608, 

 629, 641, 659, 660, 

 661, 662, 666, 669, 

 679, 695, 696, 697, 

 725-728. See also Bar- 

 riers, Dispersion, Dis- 

 tribution, Isolation. 

 physiological, 54 

 plant, 215, 597, 641, 695 

 Geological periods, 565, 631, 

 646. See also various peri- 

 ods. 

 Geophiles. See Geocoles. 

 Georges Bank, productivity 



on, 520, 521 

 Geotype, 626 

 Geoxenes, forest, 485 

 Gerard, R. W., 74 

 Germination, seed, 715 

 Gibbs, principle of, 176 

 Gill bars in fishes, 672 

 Ginkgo tree, 680, 682 

 Ginsburg, Benson, 359 

 Glaciation, 81, 82, 83, 84, 590 

 Glaciers, water volume, 177 

 Glands, 421, 428, 430, 665, 

 690, 698, 719-721 

 endocrine, 671, 679. See 

 also Endocrinology, Hor- 

 mones. 

 mammary, 636, 689, 691 

 repellent, 422, 425, 426, 



652, 665, 705, 726 

 scent, 423, 433 

 wax, 425 

 Globigerina. See Ooze. 

 Glochidia, 50 



Gloger's rule, 187, 226, 626 

 Goldfishes, 355, 360 

 Gompertz curve of population 

 growth, 304 



