816 



Gonadal activation, 103, 121, 



129 

 Gradient, behavior, 431, 435 

 horizontal, in wind velocity, 



481 

 humidity, 428 

 temperature, 98, 219, 228, 



653 

 vertical, 130, 206 



dissolved salts, 200, 202, 



203, 204 

 gases, 189, 193, 196 

 plant climate, 212 

 redox potential, 196 

 soil temperature, 219 

 Grains, 643. See also Grasses. 

 Grasses, 613, 614, 653, 656, 



697, 705 

 Grasshoppers, 110, 209, 276, 

 277, 278, 286, 330, 338, 

 408, 468, 470, 543, 617, 

 650, 668, 685, 686, 697 

 Grassland(s), 79, 80, 224, 

 225, 230, 476, 588, 589. 

 590, 656, 696. See also 

 Prairie, Savannah. 

 annual precipitation in, 466 

 biome-type, 588 

 community convergence, 



576, 577, 668 

 corridors, relation to glacia- 



tion, 590 

 dominant grasses, 472 

 effect of man on, 472-476, 



579 

 mammals, 466-473, 588flF. 

 organisms, 588 

 overgrazed, 579 

 stratification in, 466 

 substituted equivalents in, 

 475 

 Gravity, 129-134, 206 

 adaptation to, 133 

 effect on animals, 131, 722 

 on animal distribution, 



134 

 on environment, 130 

 orientation to, 133 

 response to, 435 

 skeletal support and, 132 

 Greek period, 14, 15, 16 

 Greenhouse effect, 88 

 Greenland, climatic history, 

 83 

 ice, 80 

 Greenwood, Major, 271 

 Grinnell, Joseph, 56 

 Ground squirrel, 103, 106, 215 

 Group responses, 61, 411, 



435, 687 

 Grouse, 164, 723 

 sage, mating, 417 

 sharp-tailed, 164, 376 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Growth, allometric. See Al- 

 lometry. 



economy, 677 



exponential, 272 



form, patterns, 305 



population. See Population. 

 Growth-stimulating substan- 

 ces, 357 

 Grunion, lunar periodicity in, 



544 

 Gryllotalpidae, 484 

 Guano deposits, 151 

 Guest, 684, 719. See also 



Commensalism, Myrmeco- 



philes, Termitophiles. 

 Guiding factor, 649, 720, 



721. See also Selection. 

 Guinea pigs, 403, 656, 679, 



709 

 Gulf stream, climatic effects, 



151 

 Gulick, 641 

 Gyrinidae, 474, 665 



Habitat(s), 340, 634, 643, 

 666 

 ancestral, of fishes, 171 

 biotic, 643. See also Para- 

 sitism. Populations, Pre- 

 dation, Social. 

 conditioning by Tribolium, 



352-355 

 of flies, 671 



fungus, 437, 438, 533, 570 

 isolation, 612 



adaptation and, 616 

 large-scale factors, 215 

 major, 147, 254 

 man-modified, invasion, 215, 



723-728 

 niche, 232, 233, 235, 438, 

 480, 494, 517, 537, 568, 

 611, 612, 628, 662, 663, 

 723 

 physical, control of com- 

 munity, 9 

 psammolittoral, 452 

 restriction in fishes, 726 

 sandy, 452, 666, 668, 697. 



See also Dunes. 

 selection, 462, 642 



among birds, 494, 495, 

 659, 660 

 Habits, animal, affected by 



winds, 147 

 Haddock populations, 322, 



373 

 Haeckel on Radiolaria, 39 

 Hamilton, W. J., 52 

 Haplodiploidy, 688 

 Hardin, Garrett, 199 

 Hares, 86, 268, 323, 659, 660 

 Harris, J. A., 46, 54 

 Harvestmen, 632, 673 



Hawk-cuckoo, habitat isola- 

 tion, 615 

 Hawks, 375, 660 

 Hay infusion, biotic succes- 

 sion in, 564, 565 

 Hearing, 140. See also Ears. 

 Heart beats of Daphnia 



magna, 114 

 Heat, 87, 91-120, 206 



adaptation to, 104 



budget, lakes, 92 



control, animal, 183, 184 



death, 103, 175 



effects on organisms, 21, 

 97, 652, 653 

 on physical environment, 

 91 



hardiness, 103 



mortality, 104, 209, 671 



regulation in mammals, 184 



summation. 111. See also 

 Temperature. 

 Heath hen, 328, 399 

 Hebrews, early, 16 

 Hedenberg, 34 

 Hedgehog, 705 

 Helix desertorum, 20 

 Hemiptera, 247. See also 



Bugs. 

 Hemophilia, 654, 655 

 Henderson, 698 

 Henry's law, 191 

 Hens, competition among, 



663 

 Herbivores, 241, 423, 470, 



471, 613, 685, 696, 699. 



703, 705, 710, 728 

 Hereditary mechanisms, 602, 



640. See also Genetics. 

 Heredity, social, 639, 693, 

 694 



versus environment, 3 

 Hermaphroditism, 689 

 Heron, 251 



Herring, food niches of, 516 

 Heyroth, F. F., 88 

 Hibernaculum, 537 

 Hibernation, 104, 423, 536- 

 539, 653. See also Dor- 

 mancy, Overwintering. 



of mammals, 21, 105 



of rodents, 106 

 Hierarchy, 411, 430, 432, 

 435, 663, 686, 689 



sex, 414 



social, 413 

 Himalaya, rains, 145 

 Hippocrates, 14 

 Histeridae, 472, 534, 538, 



698, 720 

 Historia Animalium, 14 

 History, climatic, 80-84 



of ecology, 5, 13-72 



