Isolation, reproductive, 605- 

 630, 641, 676, 680, 682, 

 695, 729 

 seasonal, 616, 617 

 sexual, 606, 619-622, 623 

 spatial, 606, 607, 611 

 topographic, 597, 606, 607, 

 608, 611, 613, 616, 

 621, 630, 669, 696, 725 

 in fishes, 609, 612 

 Isopoda, 2, 631, 673, 674. 



See also Crustacea. 

 Isostasy, 78, 130 

 Italy, death rates, 291 



Jackrabbits in overgrazed 



areas, 475, 476 

 Japanese beetle, development, 



112 

 Jordan's rule, 119, 613 

 Journal of Animal Ecology, 



63 

 Journal of Ecology, 63 

 Journals, containing ecological 

 reviews, 64, 71 



ecological, 63, 70, 71 

 Juday, Chancey, 41, 51 

 Jurassic, 662 



Kaempfferia, 460 



Kessler, 32 



Key industries in communi- 

 ties, 22, 496-507 



Kidneys, ecological relations, 

 169, 171 



Kinesis, 394 



Krogh postulate, 499 



KiJhn, A., 24 



Labor, division of. See Divi- 

 sion of labor. 

 Laboratory populations, 60, 

 61, 270, 271, 307, 316, 

 319, 658 

 Labrador current, 151 

 Lake(s), algae in, 503, 504 

 autotrophic, 505 

 biomass in, 527 

 bottom populations, 160, 

 161 

 relation to vegetation, 



504 

 temperature, 109 

 classified by productivity, 



573 

 community, metabolic in- 

 fluences, 496 

 diel pH cycle in, 549 

 dystrophic, 573 

 eutrophic, 573 

 geographic classification, 



95, 96 

 hard water, 527, 528 

 heat budget, 92 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Lake(s), horizontal distribu- 

 tion of rooted plants, 

 451, 452 

 gradient, temperature, 96 

 light penetration, 125, 129 

 as major community, 451, 



452, 453 

 oHgotrophic, 505, 573 

 organic materials in, 443, 



444, 445 

 photosynthetic eflBciency, 



505 

 polar, 95 



productivity, related to lake 

 type, 505 

 values, 519 

 rooted vegetation in, 504 

 seasonal pH, 174, 175 

 soft-water, 527, 528 

 .stratification in, 192, 193, 

 194, 196, 202, 203, 204 

 stratified, dissolved gases, 

 193 

 salt distribution, 202, 

 203, 204 

 succession in, 572, 577, 578 

 temperate, 95 

 thermal stratification, 41, 

 93-96, 192, 193, 194, 

 196, 202, 203, 204 

 tropical, 96 



varves, Scandinavian, 82 

 vertical distribution, of bac- 

 teria in, 445 

 of plankton, 446, 447 

 migrations, plankton, 

 555, 556 

 Lake Chicago, glacial, 565 

 Lake Erie, substratal popula- 

 tions, 160 

 Lake George, stratification, 94 

 Lake Lucerne, vertical migra- 

 tion, zooplankton, 556 

 Lake Mendota, annual crop, 

 plankton, 504 

 energy receipt, 93 

 fish production, 521 

 productivities, 520 

 Lake Michigan, beach drift 

 biocoenose, 148, 534, 535 

 formation of, 565 

 Lake Victoria, cycles, 86 

 Lamarck, 17, 598, 599, 602 

 Lamiation, 478, 481 

 Land bridges, 78, 148 



surface, 163 

 Larithmics, 271 

 Latitude, climax community 



and, 575 

 Latitudinal relations, 78, 79, 

 80, 95, 96, 103, 106, 108, 

 119, 134, 653 

 Law of the minimum, 453, 

 635 



819 



Leadership, 411, 415 

 Leaf, cutters, 421, 713, 714, 

 726 

 eaters, 241, 423, 491, 665, 



714, 718 

 hoppers, 473, 489, 706, 719 

 miners, 465, 490, 491, 665 

 Learning, 410, 411, 430, 433, 

 435, 639, 640, 645, 656, 

 663, 669, 686, 691. See 

 also Behavior, conditioned. 

 LeChateher, theorem of, 138 

 Legs, adaptations of, 636, 

 637, 662, 665, 678. See 

 also Feet. 

 Legumes, 19, 619, 653, 711 

 Lemmings, 86, 339, 685, 686 

 Lendenfeld, 41 

 Lepidoptera, 118, 491, 614, 

 662. See also Butterflies, 

 Moths. 

 Leptinotarsa, geotaxis, 134 

 Lepus, size of ears, 119 

 Lice, 614, 643, 675, 701 

 Lichens, 246, 711, 712 

 Liebig, 729 

 Liebig's law of the minimum, 



435, 635 

 Life, continental, 600, 657, 

 661, 699, 723, 725, 726 

 cycles, annual isolation, 617 

 aphid, 612, 675 

 cestode, 615 

 general, 516, 531, 637, 



680, 686, 724, 729 

 parasitic, 614, 615, 676, 

 696, 700-704, 708, 

 709, 719 

 rust, 614, 676 

 social parasites, 720, 721, 



722 

 termite, 635, 645 

 duration, 295, 298, 708. 

 See also Longevity, Sur- 

 vivorship curves. 

 expectation, 295 

 origin, 75, 663 

 periods, 285 

 table, 283, 294, 296 

 web of, 34, 508, 514, 516 

 zones, 18, 33, 116, 593, 

 594 

 concept, 114 

 Merriam's temperature 



values, 115 

 temperature and, 114- 

 117 

 Light, 18, 20, 87-91, 121- 

 129, 206 

 bactericidal action, 127 

 effect on behavior, 50 

 forest effect on. 232 



