820 



Light, intensity, 89, 124-127, 



129, 459, 480, 502, 



536. See also Cave. 



vertical distribution, 449 



in microclimates, 231, 722 



penetration into water, 124, 



125, 126, 129, 449, 459 



in photoperiodicity, 123, 



124, 536 

 wavelength, 20, 74, 75, 87- 

 90, 121, 124, 125 

 Lilljeborg, 37 

 Limestone soil, 221 

 Limiting factors, 98, 198-206, 

 222, 224, 234, 611, 629, 

 632, 634, 640, 658, 680, 

 682, 728. See also Barriers, 

 Toleration. 

 Limits, environmental, 98, 



634, 640 

 Limnology, 40, 47 

 Limulus, 158, 632, 680 

 Lincoln index, 268 

 Lindeman ratio, 520 

 Linnaeus, (Linne), 17, 20, 34 

 Lithosphere-hydrosphere, in- 

 terphase, 158, 159-163 

 Litter, competition in mam- 

 mals, 656ff. 

 size in rodents, 666 

 Littoral, marine, bacteria, 

 abundance of, 500 

 lunar periodicity in, 544 

 succession in, 570 

 zone, 162, 453-458, 500, 

 511, 544. See also 

 Beach. 

 rocky, marine, 454-457 

 substrate, 159, 160, 161 

 system, marine, 125, 159, 



173, 174, 454 

 temperature, 78, 79 

 vegetation, effects upon 



habitat, 452 

 zone in lakes, 451 



marine, 321, 453-458, 

 500, 511, 544, 671, 

 696, 702 

 Lizards, 474, 550, 552, 634, 



692, 707, 708 

 Locomotion, 180, 632, 635, 

 648, 662, 664, 665, 669, 

 671, 673, 679, 686, 689. 

 See also Burrowing, Dig- 

 ging, Dispersion, Flight, 

 Legs, Vagility, Wings. 

 on sand, 163, 164, 591, 



634, 666, 699 

 on snow, 1 64 

 Locusts, 209, 338, 408, 685. 

 See also Grasshoppers. 

 outbreaks of, 330 

 Loess, 218 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Log habitat, 485, 512, 561, 



570, 697, 698, 725, 726 

 Logistic, curve, 25, 301, 306- 

 315, 419 



growth, 302, 303, 304, 

 306-315 

 Longevity, 61, 337, 421, 423, 

 722 



ecological, 274, 280, 281 



physiological, 273, 280. 

 281, 692. See also Age, 

 physiological. 



sex and, 114 

 Lorenzi, 41 

 Lotka, A. J., 271, 293 

 Lumbricidae, 484. See also 



Earthworms. 

 Luminescence, 125, 129, 665 

 Lungfish, 105, 609, 680, 700 

 Lung(s), internal, 185. See 



also Respiration. 

 Lycosidae, 487, 534 

 Lygaeidae, 473 

 Lynx, 374 



cycle, 86, 324, 367 



Mackerel populations, 346 

 Macrobiota, soil, 465 

 Macroclimate, 211 

 Macroevolution, 632, 643, 



647, 648, 688 

 Macrofauna of soil, 465 

 Magnesium, calcium and, 203, 



206 

 Magnetism, homing birds and, 



157 

 Malaria, 29, 603, 686, 696, 



701, 702, 707, 708, 724 

 Malthus, T. R., 54, 265 

 Malthusian doctrine, 25, 26, 



27 

 Mammal(s). See also various 

 groups, 

 activity periods of, 558 

 adaptations of, 630ff. 

 adaptive radiation in, 664, 



666 

 allometric growth, selection 



for, 691 

 biocoenoses in burrows of, 



438fF. 

 biotic barriers, 726 

 breeding, photoperiodicity, 



124 

 clines in, 626ff. 

 competition, 661ff., 682 

 convergent evolution in, 



666ff. 

 in deciduous forest biome, 



587flF. 

 diel periodicities in, 546- 



558 

 dormancy in, 105 



Mammal ( s ) , extinction and 

 population size, 399ff. 

 faunal exchange, effects of, 



723 

 feet of, relation to sub- 

 strate, 163, 180 

 floor stratum, 465 

 food, chain, 515 



web, aspen parkland, 513 

 marine, 511 

 forest, 467 



grassland, 466-473, 588ff. 

 grazing of, in forests, 475 

 heat regulation, 184 

 hibernation of, 21, 105 

 homeostasis in, 672 

 leadership, 415 

 litter competition, 656ff. 

 mutualistic relations of, 251 

 overgrazing by, 475ff., 579 

 parasites of, 615, 628 

 periodism in, 531flF., 535, 



539 

 populations, 324 



minimal and optimal, 

 399flF. 

 seasonal, shift in diet, 530 



migration of, 541ff. 

 seed dispersal by, 714 

 size, in water and on land 



132 

 skeletal weight, 132 

 social dominance, 414ff. 

 soil formation, relation to, 



484fiF. 

 subterranean strata, 465ff. 

 surface-mass relations, 398ff . 

 temperature in hibernation, 



98, 105 

 of tundra biome, 584 

 vitamin supply of, 128 

 zonation of, 116 

 Mammoth Cave, crayfish ac- 

 tivity, 559 

 Man, 603, 605, 625, 636, 639, 

 640, 641, 654, 657, 663, 

 666, 672, 673, 677, 693, 

 694, 698, 701, 707, 723, 

 724. See also Diseases; 

 Domestication; Societies, 

 human. 

 aperiodicity and social inte- 

 gration, 559, 560 

 eflFect on activity of game, 

 553 

 on forests, 479, 480, 485, 



513, 515 

 on grassland, 472-476, 

 513, 516, 579 

 mortality in, 655 

 parasites of, 614, 615, 628, 

 701, 707, 708, 709 



