Man, societies of, 420, 432, 

 435, 561, 632, 640, 672, 

 683, 691, 693, 694 

 survivorship curve, 275 

 temperature-moisture rela- 

 tions, 207, 208, 209 

 varying temperature and, 

 110 

 Manganese in water, 204, 205 

 Mangrove zones, 460 

 Manson, Patrick, 28 

 xVIantidae, 494, 650, 651, 690 

 Maple, 699. See also Beech- 

 Maple. 

 Marco Polo, 16 

 Marie-Davy, 18 

 Marine, biome-type, 595. See 

 also Animals, marine. 

 littoral. See Littoral. 

 plants, 502, 503, 511. See 



also Algae, Diatoms. 

 sediments, 460 

 Mark, Edward Laurens, 46 

 Marking method of determi- 

 nation of population size, 

 268 

 Marsh, 573, 696. See also 



Bog, Swamp. 

 Marsupials, 600, 636, 643, 

 661, 662, 666, 680, 723, 

 726 

 Mass(es), action law and tem- 

 perature, 107 

 air, 144, 145 

 water, 151, 153, 154 

 Maternal care. See Parental 



care. 

 Mathematics, actuarial, 294 

 Mating, behavior, 408, 409, 

 415, 416, 417, 605, 689, 

 690, 691. See also Court- 

 ship, Sex behavior. 

 flight, 687 



types, protozoan, 408, 409, 

 688 

 Matrix, plant, 227 

 Maximum, 635, 641. See also 



Limiting factors. 

 Mayflies, 157, 618 

 Meadowlarks, ecologic distri- 

 bution, 621 

 Meadows, 698 

 Mealworms, 361 

 Mechanical forces, 129, 134, 



135, 139-142, 164 

 Mediterranean sea, sahnity, 168 

 210, 724 

 Sea, salinity, 168 

 Medium, biotic modification, 



235 

 Membrane permeability, 168 

 Mennonite communities, 399, 

 401 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Mermis, sex determination, 



409 

 Merriam's life zones, 18, 33, 

 116 

 temperature values, 

 115 

 Mesobiota, soil, 465 

 Mesocoles, 184 

 Mesofauna of soil, 465 

 Mesophytes, 184 

 Mesozoic, 662, 664, 666, 681, 



682, 717 

 Mesquite, 591 

 Metabolic, rate, 106 



water, 184, 187 

 Metabolism, 598, 675, 716 

 community, 495-528 

 water of, 184, 186, 187, 

 672 

 Metagenesis. See Life cycles. 

 Metamorphosis, 635, 636, 637, 

 665, 676, 683, 686, 698. 

 See also Caenogenesis, Life 

 cycles. 

 Meteorology, 140-147 

 Methane, production of, 500 

 Mice, 86, 280, 283, 324, 607, 

 608, 610, 621, 627, 650,' 

 651, 667, 668, 677, 705, 

 707, 724, 725 

 populations of, 325 

 Microbiota, soil, 465 

 Microclimate(s), 147, 211, 

 224, 227, 478, 479 

 density and, 361 

 light in, 23, 722 

 temperature in, 228, 230 

 wind and, 230 

 Microcosm, 568, 700 

 Microfauna, soil, 52 

 Microhabitat, 568, 570, 628 



645 

 Micro-organisms and adsorp- 

 tion, 176, 177 

 Microseral stages, 568, 570 

 Microsere, 568, 569, 570 

 Microstratification in profun- 

 dal mud, 453 

 in psammolittoral, 452 

 Migrants, partial, 540 

 Migration, 21, 99, 121, 129, 

 186, 531, 539-543, 552,' 

 607, 619. See also Dis- 

 persion, Emigration, Im- 

 migration. 

 bird, 21, 99, 117, 118, 121, 

 157, 186, 238, 531, 540, 



541, 542, 552, 607, 608, 

 645, 646, 671, 672, 696, 

 703 



butterfly, 99 



effect on community, 540, 



542, 543 

 of fishes, 539 



821 



Migration, horizontal, for 

 overwintering, 537 

 of mammals, 54 Iff. 

 vertical, 139, 206 

 diel, 554-557 

 effect of stratification on, 



554-557 

 fresh-water, 555, 556 



zooplankton, 556 

 marine, 554, 555 



zooplankton, 555 

 for overwintering, 537 

 terrestrial communities, 

 557 

 winter, 537, 538 

 Mill, John Stuart, 47 

 Millipedes, 365, 486, 673, 



705. See also Myriapods. 

 Mimicry, 647, 648, 651, 665, 



667, 668, 669-671, 688 

 Minimum, principle of, 198, 

 205, 206, 224, 402, 490, 

 635, 641, 726. See also 

 Liebig's law. Limiting fac- 

 tors. 

 Minnesota, forests, 482 

 lakes, 343 



productivity values, 519 

 sand dune, diel periodicity, 

 549, 557 

 Miocene, 695 

 Miridae, 494 



Mississippi River, nitrate nitro- 

 gen in, 498 

 Mites, 320, 465, 484, 485, 

 486, 487, 512, 524, 631 

 632, 701. See also Arach- 

 nida. 

 populations of, 321 

 Moat, protective water, 163 

 Mohr, Erna, 400 

 Moina, 309, 333, 409, 410 

 Moisture, animal relations to, 

 183, 207-211 

 atmospheric, 181 

 insects and, 187 

 soil, 219, 220, 652, 656, 



697 

 temperature and, 207-211 

 zonation of world, 79 

 Mold transformation in forest 



floor, 486, 487 

 Moles, 666, 677 

 Mollusks, 438, 456, 465, 576, 

 588, 589, 647, 680. See 

 also Snails. 

 ammonites, 639 

 benthic, 459 

 evolution of, slow, 680 

 flukes and, 702 

 intertidal, 455 

 marine plankton, 516 

 mud shore, 458 



