Veuroptera, 666 



Meuston. 158, 159 



New York Zoological Society, 



64 

 Newton's law of cooling, 166 

 Niche. See Habitat niche. 

 Nicholson, A. J., 271 

 Nicholson-Bailey competition 



curve, 381 

 Nielsen postulate, 448, 501, 



506 

 Nitella, ion concentration, 167 

 Nitidulidae, 534 

 Nitrate(s), 199, 200, 201, 

 202 

 nitrogen carried by rivers, 



498 

 seasonal cycle, 200, 201, 

 202, 203, 502 

 Nitrification, 497 

 Nitrites, 199, 200, 202 

 Nitrobacter, 497 

 Nitrogen, atmospheric, 77, 

 189, 190 

 dissolved, 192 

 fixed by lightning, 498 

 cycle, 190, 497, 498, 705, 

 722 

 in soil, 497, 498 

 fixation, 19, 498, 711 



electrical, 157 

 fixed, 199 

 Nitrogen-phosphate ratio in 



water, 201, 202 

 Nitrosification, 497 

 Nitrosomonas, 497 

 Nomadism, 186. See also 



Emigration. 

 North America, biochmatic 

 rule, 117 

 birds, migration speed, 



117, 118 

 convergence of com- 

 munities in, 576, 577 

 isohyet, 115 

 lakes, heat budgets, 92, 



93 

 hfe zones, 114-117 

 North Atlantic, diatom cycle, 

 502, 503 

 periwinkle life history, 



531 

 productivities in, 520, 

 521 

 Notropis, 51 

 Numbers, pyramid of, 22, 



257, 522, 523, 699 

 Nurture versus nature, 3 

 Nutrient cycles, 239 

 Nutrition, 239, 345, 712, 718. 

 See also Food. 

 among social insects, 423 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Oak(s), community, 436, 566, 

 568, 569, 610, 697, 698 

 organisms Uving on, 234, 

 610, 613, 665, 699, 700 

 Obstacle avoidance, bats, 140 

 Occam, Wilham of, 5 

 Occam's razor, 5 

 Ocean(s), bottom, 159-162 

 currents, 149, 150, 151, 



152 

 depths, oxygen in, 192, 193 

 euphotic stratum, 124 

 extent, volume, 177 

 fight penetration, 124, 125, 



126, 129 

 nitrates, depth profiles, 200 

 oxygen, depth profiles, 193 

 phosphates, depth profiles, 



202 

 surface salinity, 80 

 temperature regulation by, 

 78 

 relations in, 96, 109 

 twihght zone, 124 

 water masses, 151, 153, 154 

 winds, 143 

 Oceanic province, 454 

 Oceanography, history, 37, 



38, 46 

 Odonata, 704 



Odor, 429, 433, 720, 722. See 

 also Flowers, Glands, Senses, 

 Trophallaxis. 

 Oikopleura, 240 

 Oikos, 14 

 Oklahoma, diel periodicity, 



prairie insects, 549 

 Ohgocene, 662 

 OUgotrophy, 577 

 Omnivory, 241 

 OntocUne, 626 



Ontogeny, 427, 636, 637, 639, 

 647, 695, 722, 729. See 

 also Embryology, Life 

 cycles. Metamorphosis. 

 division of labor and, 426 

 Onychophores, 485, 553 

 Oozes, ocean bottom, 161, 



162, 460, 461, 502 

 Ophioderma, 61 

 Optima, 22, 197, 395, 396, 

 425, 632, 638, 641, 663, 

 664, 684, 685, 694, 701, 

 707. See also Balance, 

 Equilibrium, Periodicity, 

 Stability. 

 ecological, 213 

 heterotypic, 406 

 Optimal, catch problem, 377, 

 378, 379 

 yield problem, 377 

 Orchids, 619, 712, 715 

 Ordovician, 648, 680. 681 



823 



Organic materials, decompo- 

 siUon of, 497 

 in lakes, 443, 444, 445, 



527 

 in sea, 460, 461, 500 

 in soil, 497, 498, 499 

 Organismal doctrine, 440 

 Organismic levels, 683-695, 

 695-729. See also Integra- 

 tion, levels of. 

 Organism(s). See also Supra- 

 organism. 

 adaptation, 630 

 basic drives, 437 

 dead, rate of fall in sea, 



499 

 division of labor, 426, 435 

 effects of pressure on, 137 

 mutuahsm, 710, 720, 721 

 physiological recuperation, 



530 

 proto-cooperation, 419 

 selection, 683, 684, 685, 

 687, 690, 692, 693, 694 

 sessile, 151, 163, 671, 689 

 table of characteristics, 440 

 temperature and, 598 

 Organization, group, 411- 

 418, 419-435, 663, 694. 

 See also Aggregations; In- 

 tegration, levels of; Social; 

 Societies. 

 Oribatidae, 465, 484, 524 

 Orientation, 135, 140, 428, 

 433, 643, 645, 648, 671, 

 674, 694. See also Be- 

 havior, Habitat selection. 

 Senses. 

 to gravity, 133 

 Origin of life, 75, 663 

 Orstedt, 37 



Orthogenesis, 637, 680 

 Orthoptera, 468, 470, 474, 

 484, 494, 543, 548, 554, 

 621, 705. See also Crickets, 

 Grasshoppers, Mantids, 

 Roaches. 

 Orthoselection, 606, 638, 640 

 Oscillations, classical, 367 

 of host and parasite popu- 

 lations, 385, 700 

 population, 305, 326, 700. 



See also Periodicity. 

 relaxation, 367 

 Osgood, W. H., 725 

 Osmosis, 20, 165, 167, 171, 

 361 

 in Protozoa, 169 

 Osmotic regulation, 171 

 relations of fishes, 169, 170, 

 171 

 Osteology, ecological relations, 

 132 



