824 



Ostracoda, 335 



Ostrea. See Oysters. 



Otolith examination, 283 



Overcrowding, 347, 396, 684, 

 692, 707 



Overcultivation, 579 



Overfishing, 51 



Overgrazing, 475, 476, 579, 

 707 



Overproduction, 640, 647, 

 656. See also Growth, 

 exponential; Reproduc- 

 tive potential. 

 mortality and, 646, 656 



Overwintering, 99-102, 726. 

 See also Hibernation, 

 Winter. 

 aggregations, 487, 537, 538 

 in forest floors, 487 

 migrations, 537, 538 

 of Protozoa, 538 

 of reptiles, 105 

 snow and, 180, 181 



Owls, 234, 375, 492, 650, 

 651, 668, 726 



Oxford University, 63, 324 



Oxidation-reduction potential, 

 195. See also Redox poten- 

 tial. 



Oxygen, 51, 74, 75, 652, 656 

 atmospheric, 75, 189, 190 



dissolved, 192 

 consumption, 138, 194 

 in ocean depths, 192, 193 

 pW relations, 175 

 populations and, 343 

 requirements of fishes, 45, 



51, 343 

 tension, respiration and, 194 

 vegetation mats and, 193 



Oxytricha, 358, 406, 407 



Oyster (s), 35, 161,205 

 bank, intertidal, 162 

 community of Mobius, 436 

 feeding of, 525 

 populations, decUne of, 342 

 Ozone, 74, 128, 131 



Pacific littoral, 160, 455, 597, 

 680, 696 



Packard, 41 



Paddlefish, 524 



Paedomorphosis, 636, 637 



Paleocene, 662 



Paleo-ecology, 57, 81, 597, 

 633 



Paleogeography 597, 662 



Paleontology, 634, 637-640, 

 647, 648, 655, 662, 680, 

 723. See also Geology. 



Palingenesis, 635, 636, 672- 

 679. See also Recapitula- 

 tion, Vestigial characters. 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Palolo, Atlantic, periodicity, 



84, 85 

 Pantin, C. F. A., 107 

 Paralimnion. See Littoral 



zone. 

 Paramecium, 61, 175, 272, 

 302, 303, 304, 309, 326, 

 327, 328, 329, 358, 368, 

 371, 572, 398, 408, 409, 

 622, 658, 688, 700 

 Parasite(s), density, and host 

 development, 383, 700 

 ecology of, 168, 612, 643, 

 653, 657, 675, 684, 686, 

 701-703, 705, 706, 707- 

 710, 719 

 effects on populations, 379- 



386, 706 

 of fishes, 615, 702, 703, 



704 

 location on host, 257, 628, 



703 

 of mammals, 615, 628 

 nest, 615, 657, 670, 671, 



676, 701 

 population density and, 



332, 700, 705, 722, 727 

 social, life cycles, 720, 721, 

 722 

 Parasite-host relations. See 



Host-parasite relations. 

 Parasitidae, 472 

 Parasitism, 23, 244, 253, 613- 

 616, 632, 665, 670, 671, 

 675, 676, 679, 685, 701- 

 703, 707-710, 716. See 

 also Host specificity. 

 blood-sucking, 256 

 carnivory, 256 

 diseases, 261 

 dispersal relations, 260 

 duration of, 257 

 necessity in, 257 

 origins, 255, 701 

 plant-animal relations, 259 

 sex relations in, 259, 260 

 sexual, in fishes, 260 

 social, 256, 261, 615, 657, 



670, 671, 676, 685 

 specificity of, 257 

 toleration, development of, 

 260, 704-710 

 Parental care, 421, 644, 645, 

 657, 670, 671, 676, 685, 

 686, 687, 689, 692, 701, 

 713, 715. See also Family. 

 Parsimony, scientific, 5 

 Parthenogenesis, 434, 603, 

 612, 613, 623, 628, 677, 

 680, 686, 687, 688 

 Partial equivalence, principle 



of, 223 

 Partridge, Hungarian, 3''6 



Passahdae, 188, 486, 560, 



561, 665 

 Pasture populations, inverte- 

 brate, 473 

 Path coefficients, 392 

 Pathogenicity, 708, 709, 710. 



See also Diseases. 

 Pathogens, 332, 628, 707- 

 710, 727. See also Diseases, 

 Parasites. 

 Pathology. See Diseases. 

 Patobionts, forest, 486 

 Patocoles, forest, 486 

 Patoxenes, forest, 486 

 Paussidae, 720 

 Pearl, Raymond, 1, 46, 54, 



61, 266, 267, 271, 274 

 Pearson, Karl, 27, 46, 54 

 Peat formation, 224 

 Peck-order. See Hierarchy. 

 Pedon, 159, 160, 161 

 Pedosphere. See Soil. 

 Pelage, photoperiodicity, 122, 



129 

 Pelagic division, marine, 454 

 organisms, 632, 663, 696. 



See also Flotation. 

 strata, marine, 449, 450 

 Peneplanation, 154 

 Penguins, 584, 644, 645, 649, 



668, 696, 699 

 Pennsylvanian period, 648, 



662, 717 

 Pentatomidae, 473 

 Peridinians in photic zone, 



502 

 Period, of development, 286 

 of postreproduction, 286 

 of reproduction, 286 

 Periodicities, 84 

 Periodicity, 428, 431, 628, 

 640, 660, 683, 686, 696, 

 700, 705, 710, 717, 722. 

 See also Aestivation, 

 Cycles, Cyclomorphosis, 

 Diel, Hibernation, Host- 

 parasite relations, Lunar, 

 Migration, Oscillation, 

 Photoperiodicity, Preda- 

 tor-prey relations, Rhythm, 

 Seasonal. 

 diel, 432, 544-562 

 in flies, 556 



in tropical forest, 548, 

 549, 550, 557, 558 

 lunar, 84, 544 

 pupation, 552 

 seasonal, 528, 532, 533, 

 535, 538, 644, 645, 

 653, 671, 686, 687, 

 688 

 and diel compared, 561, 

 562 

 sexual, 603, 703, 708 



