Population(s), natural, logis- 

 tic growth of, 310-313 

 numbers, genetic variation 



and, 602 

 optima, heterotypic, 406, 



407 

 optimal, 399, 404, 405, 406 

 optimum, 396, 398, 401- 



407 

 oscillation, 305, 326, 700. 



See also Periodicity. 

 oxygen and, 343 

 of pasture invertebrates, 



473 

 pH and, 340 

 physical environment, 332, 



333-346 

 precipitation and, 338, 339 

 predation in, 370-377, 658 

 pressure, 349, 391 

 problems, 331-393 

 properties of, 263 

 relation to environment, 24 

 to type of substratum, 

 160 

 rhythms, 602 

 salinity and, 340 

 scope, 270 



size, determination methods, 

 267 

 evolution and, 407, 602 

 603, 604, 605, 606, 

 634, 646, 647, 656- 

 664, 680, 682, 684, 

 685, 688 

 social, 393, 419-435, 722. 

 See also Social, Societies. 

 space-relative, 266 

 stable, 281, 283, 657 

 stationary, 281, 283 

 statistical attributes, 263 

 steady state, 332 

 storms and, 339 

 structure, 680. See also 



Breeding structure. 

 studies, biological back- 

 grounds, 272-287 

 demographic back- 

 grounds, 287-305 

 epidemiological, 271 

 natural, 270 

 theoretical, 271 

 subsocial, 419, 687, 713, 

 717. See also Aggrega- 

 tions. 

 substrata of Lake Erie, 160 

 systems, adaptation in, 692 

 temperature and, experi- 

 mental populations, 

 333 

 natural populations, 334 

 terrestrial, 333 

 time-relative, 266 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Population(s), of world, 



growth of, 314, 315 

 Population Association of 



America, 271 

 Porosity, soil, 218, 219 

 Post, von, 83 

 Postadaptation, 643, 644 

 Postchmax, 574 

 Potential, biotic, 61, 392 

 oxygen-reduction, 195 

 reproductive. See Repro- 

 ductive. 

 Potentiality, 639, 656, 670, 

 700. See also Capacity, 

 Teleology. 

 Prairie, 578, 621, 656, 692, 

 695, 705, 724. See also 

 Grassland. 

 soil, 224 

 Prawns, 450, 555 

 Preadaptation, 615, 642, 655, 

 694, 698, 699, 709, 710, 

 713, 723 

 complexity in, 640, 641, 



643, 645, 647, 648 

 in fishes, 643 

 Precipitation, deficient, 338 

 excess, 338 



influence on grassland, 474 

 populations and, 338, 339 

 temperature and, 475 

 Prechmax, 574 



Predation, 423, 431, 487, 632, 

 649-651, 666, 700, 706, 

 707, 726 

 on fish, 373, 700 

 human, on animal popula- 

 tions, 377 

 interspecies, 370 



in Protozoa, 371, 700 

 intraspecies, 370 

 mortality and, 370 

 plant, 236 

 population density and, 



332, 706, 707 

 pressure, 60, 236, 373, 627, 



675, 701, 709 

 in salmon populations, 322 

 selection, 628 



and survival value for prey, 

 376, 658, 706, 707 

 Predator-prey relations, 372, 

 666, 700, 701-704, 704- 

 707, 709, 728. See also 

 Prey-predator relations. 

 Predators. See also Carnivora, 

 Defense, Predation. 

 defense from, 425 

 fishes, 700 

 insect larvae, 666 

 insects, 696 



and integration of inter- 

 species populations, 684 

 mimicry, relation to, 669 



827 



Predators, plants, 236 

 population sizes, 685 

 premutuahstic, 710 

 relation to prey population, 



374ff. 

 reptile, 469, 471, 492 

 selection by, 627, 649ff., 



674, 689, 709 

 social insects, 423 

 in subterranean and floor 

 strata, 465 

 Pressure, 23, 134-139 



in archibenthic zone, 459 

 atmospheric, 135, 136 

 barometric, 135, 136 

 biotic, 235 



Boyle's experiments, 16, 17 

 efi'ects, on catalysis, 137 

 on chemical reactions, 



137 

 on environment, 136 

 on fishes, 138 

 on organisms, 137 

 on putrefaction, 137 

 gas solubility and, 191, 192 

 hydrostatic, 136 

 immigration, 649 

 mutation, 600, 604, 605, 

 607, 638, 649, 655, 662, 

 678, 680, 681 

 osmotic, 168 

 population, 349, 391 

 predation, 60, 236, 373, 



627, 675, 701, 709 

 selection. See Selection. 

 subatmospheric, 135 

 vapor, 181, 182, 184, 187, 

 189 

 Prey, 684 



Prey-predator relations, 370- 

 377, 424, 690. See also 

 Predator-prey Relations. 

 Primary residents in stratifi- 

 cation, 442 

 Primary sequences of succes- 

 sion, 578 

 Principle ( s ) , of abundance on 

 mixed substrate, 457, 458 

 of biotic balance, 507, 508 

 of community, restriction, 

 545, 546 

 succession, 574 

 of convergence, 575, 576, 



577 

 ecological, 4, 8, 693, 729 

 of ecotone, 476, 477, 478 

 efficiency of producers, 521 

 of functional integrity of 



community, 437 

 of intracommunity succes- 

 sion, 567 

 of microchmate, 478, 479 



