Raunkiaer frequency spectra, 



518 

 Reaction, 340, 348, 514, 695, 

 729 

 of environment on organ- 

 isms, 697 

 plasticity of, 20, 630. 631, 

 638, 639, 650, 686, 688. 

 See also Adaptability; 

 Behavior, conditioned; 

 Capacity. 

 ventral-earth, 133, 135 

 Reasoning, 435. See also In- 

 telligence. 

 Reaumur, 23 



Recapitulation, 636, 637, 639, 

 672, 679. See also Palin- 

 genesis, Vestigial structures. 

 Recruitment, 377 

 Red Sea, salinity, 80 

 Redox potential, 195, 196, 204 

 Reduviidae, 494, 707 

 Reed, L. J., 271 

 Reed, Walter, 28 

 Refuge. See Shelter. 

 Regeneration, 397, 435, 634, 



692, 705 

 Regionality, 604. See also 



Territoriality. 

 Regressive evolution. See 



Evolution. 

 Regulation, 430, 690, 710. 

 See also Balance, Equi- 

 librium, Homeostasis. 

 osmotic, 171 

 Reighard, Jacob, 42 

 Reindeer, herd organization, 

 416, 417. See also Deer. 

 minimum number, 401 

 Remigration, 539 

 Renaissance, ecological fore- 

 runners, 16 

 Replication, 435, 633. See 

 also Anisomerism, Polyiso- 

 merism. 

 Reproduction, 103 



age distribution and, 285 

 asexual, 603, 686, 687, 708. 

 See also Asexual species. 

 Parthenogenesis. 

 population density and, 336 

 realized, 272 



relation to pyramid of num- 

 bers, 522-525 

 sexual, in aphids, 123 

 in social insects, 421 

 vegetative, 625 

 Reproductive potential, 272, 

 518, 685, 701, 709, 

 727. See also Capac- 

 ity, Fecundity, Over- 

 production. 

 relation to survival, 272 

 rate. See Fecundity. 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Reptile(s). See also various 

 groups, 

 activity, 550, 552, 553 

 desert, 671 

 forest floor, 487 

 Haemoproteus in, 707 

 Mesozoic, 662, 664 

 overwintering, 105 

 Plasmodium in, 708 

 predators, 469, 471, 492 

 regressive evolution, 672 

 soil transients, 485 

 Sphenodon, 661, 680, 682 

 subterranean, 466, 467 

 Resistance, environmental, 61, 

 303, 392 

 to infection, 643, 644. See 



also Toleration. 

 to insecticides, 653, 654 

 Respiration, 190, 191, 635, 

 656, 672, 679 

 from gas bubbles, 194 

 internal, water saving, 185 

 oxygen tension and, 194 

 Response, physiology, 44, 50, 

 630 

 history, 23, 24, 44, 50 

 tactile, 430, 433, 434, 722 

 Retardation of evolution, 629, 

 679-683, 695. See also 

 Evolution, rate of. 

 Reversion, evolutionary, 639 

 Rhinoceros, square - lipped, 



589 

 Rhizopertha dominica, 351 

 Rhythm, day-night, 84, 432 

 population, 602 

 pupation, 552, 553 

 tidal, 544 

 Rhythmicity, biological, 553. 

 See also Periodicity, Peri- 

 odism. 

 Riley, C. V. 28 

 Rivers, 154-157 



effect on oceanic salinity, 

 80 

 Roaches, 62, 301, 487, 629, 

 662, 680, 712, 716, 717, 

 724 

 Robertson phenomenon, 357 

 Rock boring, 163, 671 

 decomposition, 217 

 dwellers, 225, 712 

 pool habitat, 456 

 Rodents. See also Beavers, 

 Hares, Lemmings, Mice, 

 Peromyscus, Rats, Squir- 

 rels. 

 adaptation to soils, 654 

 age-structure, 283 

 Citellus, 103, 215, 608 

 color and background, 668 

 defensive adaptations, 705 

 hibernation, 106 

 Hymenolepis in, 615 



829 



Rodents, jumping, 666 



litter size, 666 



Microtus, 468 



pika, 671 



pocket gopher, 608 



porcupine, 682 



selection among, 604 



vole survivorship, 280 

 Roman period, 16 

 Ross, Ronald, 28 

 Rotifers, 275, 340, 452, 686, 



712 

 Round-worms, 685. See also 



"Nematodes. 

 Rabel, E., 48 

 Rubner, M., 274 

 Rubner's hypothesis, 113, 403 

 Runeberg, 21 

 Running, 665, 705. See also 



Feet, Legs. 

 Rusts, 603, 614, 643, 644, 



676, 703. See also Fungi. 



Sacrifice. See Death, bene- 

 ficial. 



Safety, factor of, 237 



Sage grouse, mating, 417 



Saguaro desert, 591 



Salamanders, 487, 594, 595, 

 636, 673, 678, 679, 689, 

 704, 713. See also Am- 

 phibia. 



Salinity, 20, 134, 626. See 

 also Water, brackish. 

 gas solubility and, 191, 192 

 optimal, 171 

 populations and, 340 

 stratification, 131 

 surface, 80 



Salmon, 321, 343, 373, 617, 

 618, 619, 696 



Salt, George, 271 



Salts, dissolved in fresh water, 

 202-206 

 effects on mosquito larvae, 



170 

 as limiting factors, 198- 



206, 222, 611 

 sea, ionization, 172 



Sampling, by quadrats, 48 

 methods, critique of, 268 



Sand, beach animals, 161 

 burrowers, 161, 163, 666, 



679 

 dunes, 47. See also Dunes. 

 locomotion on, 163, 164, 

 591, 634, 666, 669 



Sanderson-Peairs-Krogh tem- 

 perature formula, 107, 108 



Sap sucking, 665 



Sarcophagidae, 469, 534 



Sargassum, 501 



Sars, 37, 40 



Saturation deficit, 336, 337 



