Subspecies, 607, 608, 609, 

 611, 612, 621, 624, 625, 

 626, 627, 654, 674, 677, 

 683. See also Races. 

 sympatric, 677. See also 

 Isolation, habitat. 

 Substrate, 158-164, 206 

 adaptations to, 163, 164, 



180, 637, 722 

 biotic modification of, 234 

 littoral, 159, 160, 161 

 Substratification in forest 

 strata, 482 

 in marine sublittoral, 458 

 Substratum, 158-164 

 conditioning of, 361 

 population in relation to 

 type of, J 60 

 Subtropical zone, derivation 



of life of, 595 

 Succession, 10, 695, 697, 698, 

 699 

 arrested, 580 

 biotic, 564, 565, 695 

 bird, 47 

 bog, 573, 574 



community, 562-580, 695, 

 697 

 principle of, 574 

 edaphic, 572-577 

 forest, 566, 567, 568, 569, 



573, 575, 576, 577 

 of forms in sand dunes, 47, 



567, 697, 698, 699 

 historical aspects, 44, 50, 



53, 54 

 indices, 567 

 in lakes, 577, 578 

 physiographic, 155, 156, 



563, 564, 572 

 in ponds, 572, 573 

 relation to food surplus, 237 

 seasonal, 102, 530-537, 

 652, 653 

 beach drift, 534-537 

 Brazil, 531 

 forest in central Illinois, 



532 

 in fungus habitat, 533 

 stoneflies, Illinois, 102, 

 533, 566 

 stream, 155, 156, 572 

 Sulfofication, 498 

 Sulfur in soils, 498 

 Summation of temperature, 



18, 107, 111, 112, 113 

 Summer forms. See Cyclomor- 

 phosis. 

 residents, 122, 539 

 Sun, 74 



orientation to, 428, 429, 

 433 

 Sunshine, and fish popula- 

 tions, 345 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Sunshine, and plankton pro- 

 ductivity, 346 

 Sunspot cycles, 85, 86, 87, 



324, 367, 368 

 Supercooling, 45, 100, 101 

 Superorganism, 310, 698. See 



also Supraorganism. 

 Superparasitism, 384 

 Superspecies, 626 

 Supraorganism, 420, 427, 432, 

 435, 676, 684, 692, 693, 

 694, 695, 698, 718, 720 

 complexity of, 721-729 

 interspecies, 721 

 Surface film, water, as sub- 

 strate, 158, 159, 665 

 land, 163 



loss of light on water, 124 

 water, 158 

 Surface-mass relations, 149, 

 397, 398. See also Allom- 

 etry. 

 Surplus, food, impact of, 236 

 Survival. See also Mortality, 

 Selection. 

 aggregation relations, 360ff., 



403 

 bhnd fishes, 674 

 competition, 656 

 Drosophila mutants, 668 

 ecologic, 642 

 ecological position, 671 

 and emigration, 685 

 environmental relations, 634 

 genetic differential, 647 

 hybrid, 617 

 index, 284 



in integrated groups, 694 

 intestinal flagellates, 681 

 introduced species, 723 

 natural selection and, 641 

 in new environments, 648 

 polymorphic species, 688 

 relation to reproductive po- 

 tential, 272 

 of reproductive individuals, 



692, 693 

 role of selection, 649-651, 



655 

 selection pressure, 608 

 of sexless individuals, 690 

 of species, 684 

 Termopsinae, 682 

 values, 413, 417, 630, 632, 

 642, 647, 649, 651, 

 656, 670, 678, 685, 

 691. See also Mortal- 

 ity, Selection, Tolera- 

 tion. 

 group, 395 

 Survivorship curve, 274, 275, 

 276, 277, 280, 296, 297, 

 299, 300 



833 



Survivorship curve, categories, 

 301 



Sverdrup, Johnson, end Flem- 

 ing, 4 



Swamps, 218, 609. See also 

 Bog, Marsh. 



Swarming. See Flight. 



Swim bladders, fishes, pres- 

 sure effects on, 138. 139 



Swimming adaptations, 665, 

 675 



Symbiont, 181, 710. See also 

 Symbiote. 



Symbiosis, 19, 23, 32, 62, 

 128, 158, 239, 243-262, 

 708, 710-721 

 in flies, 248 



Symbiote, 684, 710-721, 722. 

 See also Symbiont. 



Symbols, use of, 435, 691, 

 694 



Symmetry, community, 561, 

 562, 578 

 ecological, 562 

 nest, 431, 434, 435, 633 



Symposia on ecology, 65, 66 



Synecology, 44, 48, 50, 52 



Synergism, 410 



Syrphidae, 494 



Tabanidae. See Horseflies. 

 Tactile responses, 430, 433, 



434, 722 

 Taiga, biome-type, 585 



fresh-water communities of, 

 586 



seasonal factors, 586 



transitions, 586 

 Tails, 668, 692 

 Talus slopes, 624, 671 

 Tapeworms, 615, 632, 685, 



686, 687, 701, 702, 703, 



709 

 Taxocline, 626 

 Taxonomic categories, 625- 



630, 632, 662, 663, 664, 



666, 674, 680, 681, 684, 



690, 695, 699, 711, 728 

 Teal, spatial isolation, 607 

 Teeth, 221, 666, 677, 681 

 Teleology, 630, 639, 640, 656 

 Teleosts, osmotic relations, 



169, 170 

 Temperate zones, 630, 631, 



645, 646, 657, 682 

 Temperature, 51, 91-120, 

 644, 646, 662 



Allen's rule and, 119, 120, 

 626 



ameboid movement and, 

 107 



Bergmann's rule and, 119, 

 120, 397, 626 



