Tide, levels, San Francisco, 



455 

 Tilth, 222 



Time, 631, 646, 648, 663, 

 680, 681, 697, 704, 709, 

 717, 729. See also Age; 

 Evolution, rate of; Geo- 

 logical periods; Isolation, 

 chronological; Longevity; 

 Ontogeny; Phylogeny; 

 Succession. 

 variations in, 80 

 Time-temperature hyperbola, 



108 

 Toads, 534, 620, 705. See 



also Amphibia. 

 Tolerance, acid, 173 

 Toleration, 45, 51, 173, 174, 

 348, 628, 652, 653, 666, 

 671, 719. See also Mor- 

 tality, Survival. 

 difiFerential, hght, 121 

 evolution of, 698, 704, 712, 



719, 723, 728 

 of parasitism, 260, 704-710 

 physiology, history, 17-23 

 spectrum, 539 

 temperature, 21, 22, 74, 

 98, 99, 104, 616, 634, 

 671 

 Tornadoes, 146 

 Totalitarianism, 694 

 Trace concentrations, 167, 



172, 190, 205, 221 

 Tracheal system, 185 

 Tractional load, streams, 154 

 Trade winds, 144 

 Tradition, 604, 605 

 Transient visitants, 122, 540 

 Transparency index of water, 



124 

 Transplants, embryonic, 397 

 Transport, aerial, 134, 146, 

 148, 149, 613, 647, 692, 

 714, 715. See also Disper- 

 sion, Migration, Pollination, 

 Seed dispersal. Transporta- 

 tion. 

 Transportation, 134, 146, 148, 

 149, 625, 723, 728. See 

 also Dispersion, Distri- 

 bution. 

 by water, 714, 725, 726 

 by viands, 613, 647, 692, 

 714, 715. See also Dis- 

 persion, Migration, Pol- 

 lination, Seed dispersal, 

 Transport. 

 Tree(s), holes, 485, 486, 570 

 rings, 82, 87 

 stratum. See Canopy. 

 as substrates, 158 

 Tree-climbing adaptations. 

 See Adaptations, Feet, Tails. 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Tree-line, 83, 653 

 Trematodes. See Flukes. 

 Triassic, 662, 680 

 Tribolium, 61, 110, 187, 267, 

 298, 309, 319, 352-355, 

 364, 369, 370, 559, 727 



populations, 299, 308, 403, 

 404, 405, 406 

 Trichogramma evanescens, 



335, 383, 384 

 Trigger action in populations, 



339. See also Threshold. 

 Trilobites, 631 

 Trogidae, 534 

 Trogoderma, 286, 319, 369 

 Trophallaxis, 410, 430, 431, 



432, 433, 435 

 Trophic levels, 509, 510, 511, 



519 

 Trophoporic field, 421, 719, 



722 

 Tropics, 78, 228, 600, 631, 

 657, 671, 682, 718, 725, 

 726, 727, 728 



width of, coastal variation, 

 78 

 Tropisms, 648 

 Troposphere, 142 

 True rate of natural increase, 



293, 294 

 Trypanosomes, 707 

 Tsetse flies, 476, 628, 629, 



676, 696, 707 

 Tsunami, 578 

 Tundra, 80, 401, 583, 584 



animals, 583 



seasonal color-change, 584 

 Tunnelers in dead rootlets, 



465 

 Turbellaria. See Flat worms, 



Planaria. 

 Turbidity, 125, 155 



effects on fishes, 455 

 Turesson, G. W., 48 

 Turtles, 552, 704, 707 

 Twilight and eye size, 126, 

 129 



zone, ocean, 124 

 Twins, identical, 3 

 Typhoons, 146 

 Tyroglyphidae, 465 



Uca, territories, 412. See also 



Crabs. 

 Ultraviolet, group protection 

 from, 398 

 coloration of flowers, 128, 



715 

 radiation, 74, 75, 87, 88, 

 127, 128, 129, 566 

 Unbalance, community, 507, 

 508, 514, 515, 516, 543, 

 544, 578-581 



835 



Undercooling, insects, 100, 

 101, 102 



Undercrowding, 396, 401- 

 407, 684 



Unfitness of environment, 77 



Units, biological, 30, 319, 

 420, 426, 435, 440, 602, 

 605, 631, 637, 639, 640, 

 641, 649, 664, 672, 676, 

 678, 683-695, 695-729. 

 See also Levels of integra- 

 tion. 



Urbanization, consequences of, 

 578-581. See also Barriers. 



Vagility, 213, 214, 215, 605, 

 607, 608, 609, 610. See 

 also Dispersion, Distribu- 

 tion, Locomotion. 

 Values, survival. See Survival 



values. 

 Van't HoflF rule, 107, 600 

 Vapor pressure, 181, 182, 184, 



187, 189 

 Variation(s), genetic, 427, 

 623, 624, 629, 638, 

 639, 640, 641, 642, 

 649, 652, 654, 655, 

 656, 662, 680, 681, 

 682, 683, 684, 685, 

 687, 688, 689, 694, 

 695, 709, 722, 729. See 

 also Gene recombina- 

 tion. Mutations. 

 ecology and, 599-605 

 in relation to population 

 numbers, population 

 rhythms and disper- 

 sion, 602 

 nonadaptive, 604, 630, 641, 

 655, 670, 677, 683, 715. 

 See also Ecophene. 

 nongenetic, 639, 640, 649, 

 664, 684, 686, 687, 691, 

 692, 694, 709. See also 

 Adaptability, Ecophene. 

 in space, 78, 627 

 Varves, 82, 131, 528 

 Vectors, insect, 28, 707, 708, 

 709, 724. See also Diseases, 

 Host-parasite relations. 

 Vegetarian. See Herbivores, 



Phytophages. 

 Vegetation, blanketing eflFect 

 of, 230, 479 

 littoral, 452 

 mats and oxygen, 193 

 rooted, in Wisconsin lakes, 



504 

 world, 581 . See also Biomes. 

 Velocity, hurricane, 146 

 law of, 166 

 stream, 154, 155 



