836 



V^elocity, temperature effects, 

 106-111, 166 

 wind, pressure and, 149 



Velocity-temperature formu- 

 lae, 107, 108 



Vernalization, plants, 103 



Vertebrae, fish, temperature 

 and, 119 



Vertebrates, 648, 679, 689. 

 See also various groups, 

 aestivation, 104 

 distribution in Yosemite re- 

 gion, J 16 

 dormancy, 104 

 hibernation, 104 



Vestigial characters, 640, 672- 

 679, 695. See also Palin- 

 genesis, Recapitulation. 



Vibrations, substratal, 139, 

 429 

 supersonic, 140, 643 



Viruses, 74, 602, 676, 683 



Viscacha burrovs: as a habitat, 

 466 



Viscosity, 134, 137, 165, 686 



Vision, hght relations, 126, 



127, 129, 433, 715. See 

 also Color, Coloration, 

 Eyes. 



ultraviolet relations, 127, 



128, 715 

 Vital index, 293 



Vitamins, 128, 129, 206, 319, 



705 

 Vole, 280, 283, 468 

 Volterra, Vito, 271, 372 



Walking sticks, 705 

 WaUace, A. R., 25, 30, 598, 



641 

 Wallace's rules, 670 

 Wanderers, erratic, 540 

 Warblers, hybrid elimination, 

 624 



migration, 541 



regressive evolution, 677 



stratification, 494, 495 

 Wasmann, 42 

 Wasps, gall. See Gall wasps. 



parasitic, 612. See also 

 Hymenoptera. 



social, 411, 420-435, 538, 

 676, 685 



solitary, 214, 423, 518, 550, 

 685 

 Water (s), 177-189, 722 



atmospheric, 177, 178, 181- 

 189. See also Humidity. 



balance, 169, 183 



body content, 183 



bound, 102 



brackish, 171, 583, 611 



buffalo, 251 



SUBJECT INDEX 



Water ( s ) , buoyancy, depth 



and, 136, 137 

 compressibility, 136 

 conditioning, 232, 355, 356, 



357, 360, 361 

 conservation, 184, 185, 186, 



481 

 currents, 141, 149-157 

 dissolved gases in, 191-195, 

 196, 197 



salts, 167, 172, 198-206 

 flowing, 154, 671 

 from food and metabolism, 



186 

 fresh, bottom dwellers, 160, 

 161, 163 



density-temperature, 93, 

 686 



flowing, 154-157, 572 



pH, 173 



volume, 177 

 hard, 203, 204, 221 

 inland. See Bogs, Lakes, 



Rivers, Streams, Swamps. 

 intake, 184 

 Ught penetration, 124, 125, 



126, 129, 449, 459 

 manganese in, 204, 205 

 masses, 151, 153, 154 

 mechanical sorting in, 131 

 metabolic, 184, 187 

 microcUmates and, 232 

 nitrogen-phosphate ratio, 



201, 202 

 pitcher plant, 232 

 pollution, 341 

 properties, 76, 92 

 protective moat, 163 

 sea. See Sea. 

 sere, 572 

 soft, 203, 204 

 soil, 219, 220, 656 

 stratification. See Stratifica- 

 tion, thermal. 

 surface, 158, 715 

 thermal. See Hot springs. 

 transparency index, 124 

 transport by, 714, 725, 



726 

 vapor, atmospheric, 88 



radiation absorption by, 

 87, 88 

 volume, 177, 178 

 Water-lithosphere interphase, 



158, 159 

 Watershed, impairment of, 



579 

 Wavelength of light, 20, 74, 



75, 87-90, 121, 124, 125 

 Weasels, pelage control, 123 

 Weather, 144, 145 



influence uoon activity, 

 550, 551 " 



Web of life. Darwinian, 34, 



508, 514, 516 

 Weevils, 52, 53, 335, 336, 

 350, 613. See also Beetles. 

 Wegener, A., 78 

 Weight, skeletal, of birds and 

 mammals, 132. See also 

 Bones. 

 Weismann, August, 684 

 Weldon, W. F. R., 54 

 Wesenberg-Lund, 42 

 Whales, 132, 138, 524, 525, 



615, 642, 668, 677, 679 

 Wharf pile habitat, 457 

 Wheat, 643. See also RuSts. 

 Wheeler, William M., 17, 42 

 Whipple, 42 

 Whirlwinds, lifting power, 



149 

 Wildebeest, 589 

 Wilder, Burt G., 52 

 Wildlife conservation, 68, 



400, 706, 707, 723 

 Wilting coefficient, soil, 220, 



224 

 Wind(s), 141-149 



action, routine results, 147 

 breaks, bird-built, 147 

 Chinook, 145 

 cyclonic, 142, 144, 145 

 death-feigning and, 147 

 distribution of organisms, 



134, 146, 148, 149, 613 

 effect, on animal habits, 147 

 on structure, 147 

 on evaporation, 182 

 flight and, 147 

 Foehn, 145 

 local, 145 



microclimates and, 230 

 mountain, 145 

 ocean currents and, 150 

 oceanic, 143 

 planetary pattern, 142 

 relation to animal structure, 



147 

 storm, 578 

 storms, violent, 146 

 trade, 144 



transport by, 613, 647, 692, 

 714, 715. See also Dis- 

 persion, Migration, Pol- 

 lination, Seed dispersal, 

 Transport. 

 velocity in forests, 480, 481 

 gradient in vegetation, 



231 

 near ground, 147, 212 

 westerly, 144 

 Windbreak, 481 

 Winglessness, insect, 147, 148, 

 423, 672, 675, 678, 703. 

 717, 721 



