HARDWOOD RECORD 



47 



Shafting should be overhead or in a space 

 9' high in the clear. Drip cups should be 

 provided where oil escapes and would drop 

 on floor or work. These drip cups should 

 be emptied at regular intervals and oil filtered 

 and used again. The use of mineral grease 

 in compression cups is well spoken of by users 

 as preventing hot boxes. 



Glue. Heat by steam. The supply pipe 

 should be covered with magnesia, asbestos air 

 call, imperial asbestos or other safe and effi- 

 cient covering. If gas heated, the connection 

 should not be by rubber tube but by an iron 

 pipe and care should be used that the flare 

 of the gas under the pot or when blown by 

 the wind cannot ignite anything. The jet 

 and pot should be enclosed in an ample iron 

 bo.\. If by kerosene the heater should be 

 enclosed in an ample iron box. 



Use Caitl or hot box for drying and heat- 

 ing lumber before glueing it together 



Emery Machine benches should be iron 

 and floor around emery grinders should he 

 iron clad, or all wood exposed to sparks of 

 emery wheels should be iron clad. 



Machine Shops. Oily waste cans, drip 

 pans for oils, disposal of iron filings in iron 

 receptacles and where not exposed to water 

 are the points required. 



The cupola house of the foundry should be 

 entirely of brick, cement and iron, with am- 

 ple clearance. Core oven and surroundings 

 should be entirely of brick, cement or iron; 

 roofs should be covered with the best spark- 

 proof material and storage of wooden flasks 

 should not endanger plant. 



Forge floor and surroundings should be 

 brick, cement or iron clad and 2" clearance 

 at roof around pipe from hood. The regular 

 smithy forge should be brick with brick hood 

 and chimney. The fan blown enclosed braz- 

 ing forge should have full 2" clearance 

 around pipe at roof, as this pipe gets much 

 hotter than the pipe of an open forge, and 

 has charred and set fire to the wood of roof 

 close to it. Forge should be located in a 

 separate room. 



Drying is one of the chief hazards of the 

 woodworker. Therefore cut it ofl' absolutely 

 hollow space, 4" plank ' ' slow burning ' ' con- 

 struction or entirely of brick, cement, iron 

 or terra cotta. Walls should be standard, 

 stone, cement or brick, parapet at sides and 

 up to the tracks in front and rear, and if 

 ends expose ?iull they should be protected 

 by fire doors. This can be done by enclosing 

 transfer platforms by brick walls and having 

 fire doors at sides, the regular canvas door 

 being used at front of kiln proper. 



Steam Pipe Kilns. There should be no 

 wood of any kind below the wheels of the 

 cars or below the rack on which stock is 

 piled; steam pipes should be 24" to 36" 

 above ground and be entirely upon iron or 

 brick. Kiln should be equipped with auto- 

 matic steam sprinklers 10' apart below roof 

 on same piping as the drying system and 

 also with a hand operated steam jet. 



Hot Air Dry Kilns. Both kiln and hot 

 blast room should be cut off from mill by 

 fire walls and fire doors. Hot blast should 

 be arranged with the s;ime care as for heat- 

 ing mill. Automatic steam sprinklers should 

 be placed every 10' in top of kilns and in 

 coil box between fan and coil and in fan 

 room, and hand operated steam jets should be 

 provided. 



Boiler House and Shaving Vault should 

 be stone, cement or brick, standard. Floor 

 should be brick or cement, roof should be 4" 

 plank "slow burning" construction, rein- 

 forced concrete or entirely of brick, cement, 

 tile and iron. WaBs should be parapet, no 

 matter what the construction of the roof. In 



case of fire in a shaving vault with a cor- 

 rugated iron roof and walls not parapet and 

 adjoining a wooden mill, the heat of a fire in 

 the burning shavings would make the iron of 

 roof hot enough to set fire to the wood of 

 mill against which it would be and in some 

 cases the corrugations of the iron leave a 

 space for flame to euter mill when walls are 

 not parapet. All openings from boiler house 

 and shaving vault should have standard auto- 

 matic fire doors. There should be automatic 

 steam sprinklers and hand-operated steam 

 jets in the top of shaving vault and of boiler 

 room. An all iron roof is a poor roof to 

 work under — hot in summer ; cold in winter ; 

 moisture condenses on it and drops from 

 it; %" asbestos boards have been used un- 

 der the iron of the roof to prevent these 

 defects. The latest and best thing in the 

 shape of a roof for boiler and shaving vault 

 or kiln is the fireproof reinforced concrete 

 roof, which is said to cost about 15 cents a 

 square foot. For the South we would advise 

 a boiler house detached 10' with cement 

 floor; brick walls to a height of 3' all around, 

 10"xlO" posts above this to a mill constructed 

 4" plank roof, or iron posts and reinforced 

 concrete roof, all protected by automatic 

 water sprinklers. 



Boilers. Brick set tubular or water tube 

 boilers should be used. Do not use locomo- 

 tive style boilers. Setting should be 18" 

 thick with air space in center, and be set 

 clear 2' of all wood. There should be 6' or 

 more space above boilers and boilers should 

 be covered with brick and cement so as to 

 make an easily cleaned surface. If mill is a 

 saw mill feed refuse by all iron chutes and 

 all-iron conveyor into a Dutch oven. At a 

 general woodworker feed refuse into boiler 

 directly from cyclone, which should be located 

 directly above boiler front, with an auto- 

 matic cutout in feed pipe, and a sweep-up 

 pipe at shaving vault door. This is safer, 

 will save about one-third the fuel and the 

 boiler room can be kept clear of refuse. 

 Door from firing room to refuse vault should 

 be at right angles to boiler and not in front, 

 i. e., in line with back draft. Don't use 

 forced draft by fan blowing under boiler or 

 by steam jet under boiler tubes unless boiler 

 firing room is standard, and even then nat- 

 ural draft is preferable. Do not have en- 

 gine exhaust into the stack. All wood of 

 roof should be cut awaj' from the stack one- 

 half the diameter of the stack. Herewith 

 is a description of a spark chamber for the 

 permanent prevention of sparks from a boiler 

 stack (specification sent free on application). 

 The boiler flue enters horizontally a hollow, 

 brick, stone, cement or iron chamber like 

 unto the base of a brick chimney. This starts 

 from the same level as the boiler and ex- 

 tends 6' above the top of the boiler flue. 

 The interior cross section of the chamber is 

 about four times the cross section of the 

 flue, or in other words the diameter of the 

 flue in feet multiplied by itself and that 

 product multiplied b)' 3% should not be less 

 than the product of the width of the interior 

 of the chamber multiplied by the length 

 (not height) of the interior of chamber. If 

 the flue is 2' in diameter the chamber should 

 be 2'x2'x3i4', equals 13 square feet, or alwut 

 3%' square inside; with a 3' flue, the cham- 

 ber should be about 5%' square inside, and 

 with a 4' flue the chamber should be 7%' 

 square on the inside. Out of the top of the 

 chamber rises an iron stack, the same size 

 as the flue; at the bottom of the chamber 

 is a small door giving access into the cham- 

 ber. The larger the chamber, with reference 

 to the size of the flue, the better. This is 

 the only spark preventing arrangement that 

 is permanently efficient and almost the only 

 one that is of the least value. The usual 



sieve in top of the stack is useless. 



Care and Cleanliness. Institute a sys- 

 tem of cleaning up mill floors daily (at small 

 mills the watchman can well do this) and 

 also clean bearings nightly; of having the 

 oiler brush otl' every bearing of line shaft- 

 ing and of blower daily; of cleaning out pul- 

 leys and brushing off beams weekly; of 

 cleaning hot blast fan weekly; of keep- 

 ing engine room clean all the time; of 

 keeping boiler hearth clean except when ac- 

 tually throwing fuel into the boilers; of 

 cleaning off top of lx)iler daily and around 

 the plant weekly and keeping roofs dean. 

 Cleanliness is more than equal to godliness 

 in preventing fires. 



Gasoline Embossing Machine should be 

 fan feed, by some such system as that put 

 into laundries by the Empire Laundry Ma- 

 chine Company of Boston, Mass., and not 

 pressure feed as generally in use, and a per- 

 mit should be attached to the insurance 

 policies. 



Gasoline Engine should have brick or ce- 

 ment floor and foundation. Exhaust should 

 be 1" clear of combustible material, engine 

 should be pump feed ; the reservoir being out- 

 side 30' distant, and below the level of the 

 engine. Permit should be attached to insur- 

 ance policies. 



' ' Burner " or " Slab Pit ' ' should be at 

 least 200' from the mill and said space should 

 be clear of buildings, refuse, lumber or other 

 things. It should be enclosed on side toward 

 mill by a fireproof obstruction of earth, 

 stone, brick or cement or can be iron skeleton 

 iron-clad, 20' high extending out 2.5' on east 

 side of the slab conveyor with ends flared o' 

 toward pit. Conveyor over burner for 10' 

 from burner toward mill should be entirely 

 of iron. Two-inch water pipe should be car- 

 ried along end of conveyor over the burner, 

 pipe to be perforated or with open sprinkler 

 heads and valve controlling this water sys- 

 tem to be located at a convenient and safe 

 place where heat from burner will not pre- 

 vent operation. 



Suggestions for further protection in stand- 

 ard mill are one extinguisher of the turn- 

 over variety, each story — one or two filled 

 casks each story at stairs — one filled fire pail 

 (distributed) for each 500 sq. ft. of work- 

 ing floor surface and to each 1,000 sq. ft. of 

 storage floor surface ; sand in half the ca.sks 

 and pails in varnish rooms (the factory mu- 

 tuals advise for fire pails a solution of 

 chloride of calcium, saying it won't freeze; 

 has no unpleasant odoi-, won't evaporate, but 

 w'ooden receptacles must be prepared for it) ; 

 one 3" vertical pipe at exit with sufficient 

 IVb" hose attached and ready for use to reach 

 with water all parts of interior; steam jet 

 with valve outside and steam sprinklers in 

 each dry room, shaving vault and boiler 

 room. 



Enclosure. Arrange mill to close up and 

 lock up and enclose the entire property (mill, 

 sheds and yard) with a fence and locked 

 gates, 10' tight board fence is standard for a 

 city; 10' fence of "field fencing" 6" mesh, 

 with two strands of barb wire on top, is ac- 

 ceptable elsewhere. 



W.\tchman. Consult authorities of com- 

 panies insuring risk as to what is an " ap- 

 proved" watchclock. For a while portable 

 watchclocks were not accepted by some of the 

 underwriters' bureaus, and this may be so at 

 the present time. It is well to get the names 

 of approved watchclocks from companies in- 

 suring the risk. The electric and magneto 

 systems are, we believe, approved by all in- 

 surance companies. Personally we think the 

 magneto system is the best. 



