ROLLERS, KINGFISHERS, HORNBILLS, AND HOOPOES 1 07 



u'itli a series of corrugations along the ridge of the base of the bill, gradually increasing, to 

 form, in the most extreme cases, huge superstructures of quaint shapes, and apparently of 

 great soliditw As a matter of fact, however, these casques are practically hollow, save in the 

 case of the Helmet-HORXHILL of the Malay countries, in which the horny sheath is backed by 

 solid su]')ports of bone, whilst the front of the sheath itself is of great thickness and surprising 

 density, and is used by the natives for carving and making brooches and other ornaments. 

 The use of this powerful hammer — for such it mav possibly be — is unknown. 



Hornbills are forest-birds, feeding u[)on fruit and insects, the latter being captured on 

 the wing. With large bill and wings, a long tail, and a relatively small body and short 

 legs, they are rather unwield}' binls, and \'et, for many reasons, unusually interesting. Their 

 nesting habits are unique, and quite worth recounting here at some length. Of the many 

 accounts, one of the most interesting, as well as one of the latest, is that of Mr. Charles Hose, 

 of Borneo. 



"The nest," he writes, "is alwa\-s built in the hollow of a large tree — the hollow, be it 

 noted, being always due to disease of the tree or the ravages of termites, not to the personal 

 labours of the birds. The bottom nf this cavity is often plugged by a termites' nest and 

 accumulation of deca\-ed wood, and on the upper surface of this is made the nest, a very 

 rough-and-ready structure, composed simply of the feathers of the female. The hollow of the 

 tree communicates with the exterior air by means of a long aperture, which, just before the 

 period of incubation, is closed up almost entirely by the male, simply leaving a long slit open, 

 up and down which the beak of the enclosed female can move. The substance used in thus 

 closing the aperture closely resembles some vegetable resin, and is probably composed of a 

 gastric secretion, combined with the woody fragments of fruit. It should be noticed that this 

 slit is alvvaj's in close proximity to the nest, so that the female can easily protrude her beak 



Fhil> by 11: Kti^l 



LAUGHING -JACKASS 



Fretsuenr/y ir.oivrt as tht Settler' i Clod 



lli'nhawy i\.E. 



