198 THE LIVING ANIMALS OF THE WORLD 



such an incident, receiving the poison-discharge in his e}-es from one of these snakes, which, 

 in his eagerness to dispatch it, he had imprudently cornered, armed only with a sword. It 

 was some daj-s before the pain entirely abated and the sight regained its normal clearness. 



Australia, with its Black and Tigek-snakes and the Death-adder, possesses snakes as 

 venomous as the cobra, which the first-named species approach in their capacity to inflate 

 their necks, though to a less degree. The Tasmantan Black Sxake, as it glides swiftly, as 

 though sailing, across open grass-land, with the midda)' sun scintillating on its 7-foot stretch 

 of jet-black, highly polished scales, its head and expanded neck threateningly elevated some 

 18 inches abo\e the ground, is certainly a most impressive sight. 



One very distinct group of the front-fanged section which demands brief notice is that 

 of the Se.\-SN.\KES. These are readily distinguished by their especial adaptation to a marine 

 existence, their much-compressed, oar-like tails constituting powerful propelling organs. In 

 contradistinction to the terrestrial snakes of the same group, the inferior scales, not being 

 required for terrestrial locomotion, are little if any larger than the upper ones. All the species 

 are highly venomous; they feed chiefly upon fish, and are distributed throughout the tropical 

 seas. The larger species rarely exceed 5 or 6 feet in length, and the majority are much 

 smaller. Man\' species are noted for their conspicuous colouring, which most frequently takes 



the form of distinctly contrasting bands. All 



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Hi^^^fm. 







Phtlctf J. ly. Ml Lilian 



RATTLE-SNAKE 



Tfie rcittle-svake it pre-eminently noted for its poller of ftiionating birds 

 and the smaller mammals 



the members of this group are viviparous. 



The last and most highly specialised 

 section of the Snake Tribe is that of the 

 Viler and its allies, collectively known as 

 the Viperine Family. In all the representa- 

 tives of this group the hinder upper jaw-bone 

 is so loosely articulated that it is capable of 

 erection at a right angle to the horizontal 

 plane of the skull, the gape of the mouth 

 being in consequence abnormally wide. The 

 teeth in the upper jaw are reduced to a single 

 anteriorly situated pairof tubular poison-fangs, 

 with which, when striking its prej', the snake 

 deals a direct stab. The head in the majority 

 of the Viperine Snakes is flattened and tri- 

 angular, nearh- resembling in contour the 

 symbolic ace of spades. The body is usually 

 The vertical pupil of the eye denotes nocturnal 



relati\'ely thick, and the tail short and stump_\'. 



habits. All the members of the section are venomous. 



The Viperine Snakes are usually divided into two groups. The first contains the Typical 

 or Old World Vipers, and includes, in addition to the COMMON ViPER, the CERASTES or HORNED 

 Viper of Egypt, and the large and most repulsive and deadly African PUFF-ADDER. The 

 Common Viper or Adder, the only poisonous British snake, has a very extensive geographical 

 distribution, extending throughout Europe and Asia as far east as the island of Saghalien, and 

 northwards to the Arctic Circle. The Horned Viper of the Sahara and North Africa is one of 

 the most venomous of living serpents. Lying buried beneath the sand, with onl_\- its head 

 above, it will spring aggressively at any animal which passes by, and the action of its venom 

 is so rapid that a horse or man bitten by it usually dies within half an hour. In colour the 

 horned viper closely resembles the sand or stony wastes among which it lies. The most 

 remarkable feature in this snake is the presence of two elevated horn-like processes immediately 

 above the eyes, which are most prominent in the male. The species has frequently been on 

 view at the Zoological Society's Gardens. On one occasion an ostensible example was purchased 

 and deposited in the Reptile-house, which proved on nearer investigation to be a base imposition. 

 A common desert-viper had been cleverly manipulated bj- the deft insertion of suitab!)' shaped 



