266 NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS IX ALASKA. 



Cape Eomaiizofl; but are maiuly limited to the viciuity of the Fur Seal Islands in summer and 

 the bays and passes of the eastern Aleutian Islands during the migrations. During the summer 

 they are unknown south of the Aleutian Islands and are unknown north of them in winter. 



On the first of May each year the old males begin to go north through the passes in the Aleutian 

 Islands aud seek the beaches on the Fur Seal Islands. About a month later the maiu body arrives 

 and millions of these intelligent animals arc then found crowding the shore line of Saint Paul aud 

 Saiut George wherever suitable ground occurs. The males take their places on the shore first, the 

 stronger ones near the water and the weaker further back. As the females land the males fight 

 desperate battles over them and the victors take them by the back with their teeth and place them 

 close alongside themselves where they can guard them from possible i-ivals. This goes on until 

 many of the stronger males have a harem numbering from fifteen to forty-five members, according 

 to Elliott. In preserving this from intrusion by surrounding males, which are on the alert to steal 

 females from one another, they sustain many severe wounds and are sometimes killed. The females 

 also sometimes fall victims to the fury of the combatants. 



For about three months from their landing these seals remain on shore without a single visit 

 to the water and consequently without tasting food. When they land they are fat, and during this 

 long fast they must exist by the absorption of their oil. 



During August they commence to move to aud from the water, and the sea about the islands 

 swarms with them. They are veiy playful in the water, particularly the half grown young, and 

 tine manner in which they frolic about and leap from the water is very amusing. Many of them 

 remain about these islands until forced away by the weather, the last remaining until the end of 

 December. In September, 1S81, when we steamed by these islands, the water swarmed with the 

 seals, while the shores were shaded a dun brown by the thousands which still occupied their slop- 

 ing sides. 



When the seals leave these islands they pass south through the Aleutiau chain aud a portion 

 of them straggle along the coast southward to California. Only a comparatively small number are 

 found there, however, and as they certainly do not winter about the Aleutiau Islands their main 

 wintering ground is still unknown. This uncertainty has led some sailors familiar with the ani- 

 mal's habits to imagine that they go to some unknown island in the middle of the North Pacific. 

 Vessels have even cruised there in search of such an island, but it has never been found. The 

 intelligence exhibited by these animals in returning each spring from their wide-spread roaming 

 over thousands of miles of the stormy Pacific is marvelous. 



On the first of May, 1S77, as we steamed northward, and while over 100 miles from the nearest 

 of the Aleutian Islands, quite a number of Fur Seals were seen heading for the nearest pass and 

 almost in a direct line for the two small islands where they make their summer home. The damp, 

 cloudy, and foggy weather, which is almost unbroken about the seal islands in summer, is con- 

 genial to the seals aud a sunshiny day causes them great discomfort. About the seal islands their 

 natural enemies are confined to an occasional Killer Whale. 



On these islands the auimals are surrounded and driven back from the shore in droves or 

 "liods" by the Aleuts, and at a designated spot are brained with clubs aud their skins removed, 

 packed in salt, aud in the course of time shipped to the London market by way of San Francisco. 



The skins when taken from the auimals are thick and have a heavy layer of blubber on the 

 inner side. On the outer side they are covered with coarse hairs, which conceals the fine inner fur 

 and give it an appearance entirely unlike the fur when ready for the fashionable wearer. In the 

 hands of the manufacturer the fat is removed, and the skin shaved down until the roots of the 

 heavy outer hairs are cut so that these hairs can be readily I'emoved, leaving the soft under fur. 

 This fur is then cleaned and dyed, when it is ready to be made up. 



The males weigh about 400 pounds and the females from 75 to 100. 



EuMETOPiAS STKLLERi (Lessou). Stellcr's Sea-lion (Esk. Wi'-nid-). 



Uiographical notes. — The only ])lace in Alaska where this fine sea-lion is found in abundance at 

 present is about the Fur Seal Islands. Elliott estimated that in 1873 some twenty-five thousand of 

 these auimals were occupying the beaches on Saint Paul and about one-third of that number on 

 Saint George Island. 



