1885.] ^ [Brinton. 



mood.* The same principle is strikingly illustrated in the Choc- 

 taw language, as the following example will show :f 



takchi, to tie (active, definite). 



t&kchi, to be tying (active, distinctive). 



tak'chi, to tie (active, emphatic). 



taiakchi, to tie tightly (active, intensive). 



tahakchi, to keep tying (active, frequentative). 



tahkchi, to tie at once (active immediate). 



tullakchi, to be tied (passive definite). 



ta,llakchi, to be the one tied (passive distinctive), etc., etc. 



This example is, however, left far behind by the Qquichua of 

 Teru, which by a series of so-called " verbal particles " affixed, 

 to the verbal theme confers an almost endless variety of modifi- 

 cation on its verbs. Thus Anchorena in his Grammar gives the 

 forms and shades of meaning of H75 modifications of the verb 

 munay, to love.J 



These verbal particles are not other words, as adverbs, etc., 

 qualifying the meaning of the verb and merely added to it, but 

 have no independent existence in the language. Von Tschudi, 

 whose admirable analysis of this interesting tongue cannot be 

 too highly praised, explains them as " verbal roots which never 

 reached independent development, or fragments handed down 

 from some earlier epoch of the evolution of the language. "§ 

 They are therefore true synthetic elements in the sense of Du- 

 ponceau's definition, and not at all examples of collocation or 

 juxtaposition. 



In contrast to this we may take the Maya-Quiche dialects, where 

 there are only slight traces of these internal changes, most of 

 the modifications being effected by affixes. Thus Francisco 



*This obscure feature in Algonkin Grammar has not yet been satisfactorily ex- 

 plained. Compare Baraga, Grammar of the Otchipive Language, p. 116 (Montreal, 

 1878), and A. Lacombe, Grammaire de la Langue cles Oris, p. 155 (Montreal, 1871). 



fSee Grammar of the Choctaw Languages. By the Rev. Cyrus Byington. Edited 

 by D. G. Brinton, pp. 35, 36 (Philadelphia, 1870). 



X Gramdtica Quechua, 6 del Idioma del Imperio de los Incas. Por el Dr. Jos6 

 Dionisio Anchorena, pp. 163-177 (Lima, 1874). 



'£ Orgaaismus der Khetsua-Sprache. Von J. J. von Tschudi, p. 368 (Leipzig, 1884). 



PR0C. AMER. PHILOS. S0C. XXIII. 121. I. PRINTED OCTOBER 16, 1883. 



