284 HEWETT — PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. [April 9, 



refers to a noun denoting a place or thing 153 times, to a personal 

 noun 265 times. Which refers to a personal, indefinite or demon- 

 strative pronoun 144 times. That refers to a non-personal noun 77 

 times, to a noun denoting a person 42 times, or a total of 119. 

 That refers to a pronoun 384 times. Out of 602 cases of the use of 

 a simple relative referring to a pronoun, that is used in 64 per 

 cent, of all cases, which in 23.5 per cent, of all cases. 



The limited use of who in the Gospels in Tyndale's version 

 is shown by the fact that out of about 1165 cases of the use of the 

 simple relative, who is used only 55 times or a little more than in 

 5 per cent, of the cases. 



The two translations of the Bible by Tyndale, 1526, and the 

 King James version of 1611 present often kindred features in the 

 use of words. The translators of the King James version adopted 

 substantially the usage of the version of Tyndale. Nothing shows 

 the dependence of the translators of the King James version upon 

 Tyndale more than a comparison of the use and relative frequency 

 of certain forms. We note a striking change which the language 

 had undergone since the period of Wiclif. The relative pronoun 

 which refers in the greatest number of cases to nouns, the relative 

 pronoun that, in addition to its use with nouns, is used almost 

 universally with personal and indefinite pronouns. The form of 

 two petitions in the Lord's Prayer illustrate this usage, and have 

 remained fixed in liturgical service to the present time: ''Our 

 Father which art in Heaven," '^ forgive us our sins, for we also for- 

 give everyone thai is indebted to us." The relative pronouns 

 which and that occur in the four Gospels in the Tyndale version 

 1065 times. Of these, that is used 503 times, and ivhich 562 times. 



The use of the relatives which and that in the King James version 

 does not differ greatly from the use of these pronouns in the 

 version of Tyndale. In Tyndale, the relative pronoun that is used 

 32 times, where which is substituted in the King James version; 

 which takes the place of that 4 times, and which is used 6 times 

 instead of who, of the King James version, while in 60 cases an 

 equivalent expression is used instead of a relative pronoun. 



In Shakespeare, if we take the Merchant of Venice as represent- 

 ing fairly the plays, that is used 75 times, or in %i per cent. 

 of the restrictive clauses, while which is used in the same class of 

 clauses 20 times, or in about 17 per cent.; that is used in co-ordin- 

 ate clauses 11 times, or in 32 per cent., and which is used 23 times, 



