1904.] HEWETT — PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. 287 



cedents 174 times, or in 99 per cent, of all cases ; that refers to a 

 noun antecedent but once. There is a striking use of wJio as a rel- 

 ative. This pronoun occurs in all loi times; referring in 58 

 instances to a noun, and in 43 to a pronoun; to a personal 

 pronoun 6 times, to a demonstrative or indefinite pronoun 37 

 times. This is the highest proportion obtained in the examination 

 of any author. It shows a distinct mannerism, affecting noticeably 

 the style of the historian. That as a relative occurs only 7 times. 

 Which is used in restrictive clauses 198 times, or in 97 per cent, of 

 all cases ; that occurs in the same class of clauses 6 times, or in 3 

 per cent, of all cases. Which refers to an indefinite or demonstra- 

 tive pronoun 10 times, or 71 per cent.; that 4 times, or 29 per 

 cent. What is used 17 times. Which is used to introduce co- 

 ordinate clauses 6 times, that in no instance. Which refers to an 

 indefinite or demonstrative pronoun 13 times, or 81 per cent., 

 that 3 times. 



In the Sartor Resartus (1S31) of Thomas Carlyle, the relatives 

 which and that occur in all 393 tim.es. Which is used in restrict- 

 ive clauses 259 times, or in 66 per cent, of all cases, that 134 

 times, or in 34 per cent, of all cases. The relative in co-ordinate 

 sentences is which, occurring 34 times, and is universally employed. 

 Which is the relative employed with nouns, as in the King James 

 version of the Bible, in about 243 instances, or in 90 per cent, of 

 all cases. What is used as a relative 93 times, that which 4 times. 



In Emerson's Essays, second series (1844), the relatives which 

 and that occur 402 times ; of these, which is used in restrictive 

 clauses 344 times, or in about B>6 per cent.; thai is used in restrict- 

 ive clauses 58 times, or in 14 per cent, of all cases. Which is used in 

 co-ordinate sentences 27 times, or in all cases, that not at all. 

 What is used 55 times, that which 21 times. Which nearly 

 always relates to nouns, namely, in 330 out of 344 instances of its 

 use. 



Matthew Arnold, in his Essays on Criticism (1865), shows a 

 uniform preference for which in both restrictive and co-ordinate 

 clauses, greater variety and a more flexible adoption of one or the 

 other relative. In four essays, namely, those on ^'Heinrich 

 Heine," "A Guide to English Literature," **'A French Critic on 

 Goethe " and *' George Sand," in 201 cases of the uses of the rel- 

 atives which and that, these pronouns are used in restrictive 

 clauses 188 times. Which is used in 186 instances, or in about 



