1904.] PACKARD— ORIGIN OF MARKINGS OF ORGANISMS. 393 



Stated Meeting, December 2, 190 4. 

 President Smith in the Chair. 



The Ust of donations to the Library was laid on the table, 

 and thanks were ordered for them. 



The death was announced of Dr. Helen Abbott Michael, at 

 Boston, on November 29, 1904. 



The following papers were read: 



''Mineral Symmetry/' by Prof. Amos P. Brown. 



''The Origin of the Markings of Organisms due to the 

 Physical rather than to the Biological Environment," by 

 Prof. Alpheus S. Packard. 



THE ORIGIN OF THE MARKINGS OF ORGANISMS (PCE- 

 CILOGENESIS) DUE TO THE PHYSICAL RATHER 

 THAN TO THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT; WITH 

 CRITICISMS OF THE BATES-MT JLLER HYPOTHESES. 



BY ALPHEUS S. PACKARD, LL.D. 



Read Decemher 2, 19O4. 

 Contents. 



1. Introduction. 



2. Facts against the Bates-Muller hypotheses, from observations 

 made in North America. 



3. The case of the milkweed butterfly (^Anosia pkxippus). 



4. Facts in favor of the Bates-Miiller hypotheses, observed in 

 India. 



5. Adverse evidence, from observations made in Europe and Asia. 



6. Cases observed in Natal, South Africa. 



7. The Batesian and the Miillerian hypotheses. 



8. Criticisms of the Bates-Mliller hypotheses. 



9. Protective mimicry not necessarily applied to snakes. 



10. Miillerian mimicry not applicable in certain cases even in 

 butterflies. 



11. Indifference shown to butterflies by birds. 



