394 PACKARD— ORIGIN OF MARKINGS OF ORGANISMS. [Dec. 2, 



12. Sokolowsky's views on the origin of the markings of mam- 

 mals, and the formation of spots from longitudinal stripes. 



13. Poecilogeny in zebras and African antelopes shown by 

 Pocock to be due to the action of light and shade. 



14. Blending of the stripes of the chipmunk. 



15. Protective coloration and blending of the markings in the 

 sandpeep. 



16. Blending of white and black bars in moths, butterflies, etc. 



17. The abundance of variously marked animals of coral reefs 

 due to the nature of their environment. 



18. The lack of markings or color-patterns in deep-sea fishes and 

 Crustacea as contrasted with their prevalence and variety in those 

 of shoal and sun-lit waters. 



19. Thayer's law and his experimental proofs. 



20. Experiments on the obliteration of bars and spots with 

 Bradley's color-wheel. 



21. Poecilogeny in paleozoic times. 



22. Keeble and Gamble's studies on the origin of markings in. 

 shrimps. 



23. Conclusions. 



I. Introduction. 



In this essay I have first attempted to bring together the more 

 important published facts or results concerning the supposed destruc- 

 tion of butterflies by birds, together with others gathered from corre- 

 spondents, with a few observations of my own. At the outset it 

 should be observed that protective coloration, a generally accepted 

 fact, is quite a different matter from protective or MUllerian mimi- 

 cry. Soon after the subject of protective mimicry was broached I 

 found myself unable to accept the views of Bates, Miiller, Wallace 

 and others, and offered^ the suggestion that the mimickers have 

 survived simply by reason of their resemblance to the more abund- 

 ant forms which appeared as the old-fashioned or primitive types 

 were on the wane or dying out. In my little books I expressed the 

 belief that the resemblance in pattern and color between insects 

 belonging to different groups is probably due to causes more funda- 

 mental than natural and sexual selection, and possibly reaching 

 farther back in geological time than the present period. 



^ Half Hours with Insects, 1876, pp. 281, 286; also Zoology for High 

 Schools and Colleges, 1879. 



