404 PACKARD— ORIGIN OF MARKINGS OF ORGANISMS. [Dec. 2, 



weed butterfly does not mention the occurrence of any anal or other 

 foetid glands. 



The only case mentioned by Belt in The Naturalist in Nicara- 

 gua is the following: '' Thus I had an opportunity of proving in 

 Brazil that some birds, if not all, reject the Heliconii butterflies, 

 which are closely resembled by butterflies of other families and by 

 moths. I observed a pair of birds that were bringing butterflies 

 and dragon flies to their young, and although the Heliconii 

 swarmed in the neighborhood and are of weak flight so as to be 

 easily caught, the birds never brought one to their nest." He 

 mentions no case of birds eating butterflies in Nicaragua, though a 

 tame white-faced monkey would greedily eat butterflies. 



Scudder^ says that Riley in a letter remarks that the butterfly 

 ** has a rank but not strong smell," and Scudder adds : '' Experi- 

 ment shows that all the scales have a carroty odor, and that those in 

 the pouch of the hind wings differ from them only in being stronger 

 scented with a slightly honeyed character." 



According to an early statement by Scudder,^ the eggs and larva 

 of Anosia enjoy a greater immunity from the attacks of parasites 

 than those of other butterflies. From this Mr. Wallace' infers that 

 the peculiar secretions of the butterfly ''extend to their larva and 

 Qgg state "; but this statement concerning parasites, repeated in his 

 later work, entitled Darivinis7?i, appears to be an assumption not 

 based on rigid investigation, for Dr. Scudder in 1889* corrects his 

 earlier statement and says that Anosia has its fair share of parasites, 

 i.e., not only an egg-parasite but an ichneumon and Tachina 

 parasite of the larva, while from a single pupa issued over fifty 

 Pteromalus flies. 



Here it might be added that Seitz^ questions whether the Heli- 

 conidae are themselves invariably malodorous, denying that this is 

 invariably the case. He tested as many as fifty species of Danaids, 

 both African and American, but could not recognize the least odor, 

 disagreeable or otherwise ; and a number of these species were 

 models for mimicry. In some but not in all Heliconids, Dr. Seitz 



>■ Butterflies of New England, I, p. 745. 



2 Nature, III, 1870, p. 147. 



3 Nature, III, Dec. 29, 1870, p. 165. Also see Darwinism, 1889, p. 238. 

 * Butterflies of New England, I, p. 745. 



^ Zool. Jahrbucher Spengel, III, p. 888. See also Beddard's Animal Coloia- 

 tion, p. 197. 



