1904.] PACKARD— ORIGIN OF MARKINGS OF ORGANISMS. 405 



detected an odor like that of napthaline. '* In HeIico)iius beskii, 

 a species with a particularly evil odor, it was found that only a few 

 individuals were odoriferous . . . the odor is not persistent, but 

 depends upon some variable circumstance, as food."^ 



I may add my own slight experience with Anosiaplexippus, taken 

 from my notes. September 4 I caught one, and pinching it between 

 my fingers I could not detect any odor, nor could three other mem- 

 bers of my family, but Prof. H. H. Wilder detected a slight odor 

 which he compared to that of the larva of Samia ceceopia, only the 

 odor of the latter " is ten times as strong." On cutting out a bit of 

 the under side of the middle of the abdomen I tasted it and perceived 

 a very slight taste not like any substance known to me, and 

 certainly not resembling that of laudanum. On removing a larger 

 piece and pressing the abdomen the odor became more distinct, and 

 one of my family at once detected it, although at first before it was 

 wounded she could perceive no odor. I tasted two pieces cut 

 from the middle of the abdomen, but the taste was hardly percepti- 

 ble and not unpleasant, neither bitter, acid, or in any way pungent. 



To sum up, the following birds in the United States of North 

 America have been seen to pursue butterflies, viz.: the black-throated 

 green wood warbler, English sparrow, chipping sparrow, Savannah 

 and song sparrow, thistle finch, kingbird, phoebe bird, pewee, 

 mocking bird, purple martin, scarlet tanager, crow blackbird, 

 cuckoo and shrike. 



Butterflies of the following species have been actually seen to 

 have been eaten : Pieris rapce. (many more than any other kinds), 

 Vanessa milberiiy Braithis myrina, while Papilio turnus and P. 

 cybele were not eaten. It is evident that for temperate North 

 America and for Europe the evidence is entirely too slight to even 

 suggest the theory. 



4. Facts in Favor of the Bates-Muller Hypotheses. 



The strongest body of facts in favor of the view that birds 

 in confinement have an appetite for butterflies is aff'orded by Mr. 

 F. Finn in his " Contributions to the Theory of Warning Colors 

 and INTimicry,'" his observations having been made -in India. He 

 concludes that there is a general appetite for butterflies among 

 insectivorous birds, " even though they are rarely seen when wild to 



1 Quoted by Beddard, /. r,, p, 197. 



^ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, LXVII, 1897, PP- 6(3-668. 

 PROG. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XLIII. 178, AA. PRINTED JAN. 21, 1905. 



