1904.] PACKARD— ORIGIN OF MARKINGS OF ORGANISMS. 407 



avoidance was much more marked when the birds were at liberty, 

 though even so a few of the objectionable butterflies were eaten." 

 He saw a wild red-vented bulbul eat a white butterfly. 



''Although I did not experiment on any of these at liberty, my 

 experience with the Liothrix {LiotJirix lutgiis), mesia {Mesia argen- 

 tauris), bhimraj {^Dissemurus paradiseus), king crow {Dicrurusater)^ 

 starling {Siurnus menzbieri^, and shama {Kittaci7icla viacrura) was 

 similar in that all of these birds objected to the Danainae, Delias 

 eucharis and Papilio aristolochice, especially, as a rule, to the last, 

 in comparison with other butterflies, or absolutely." 



" I never saw the Chloropsis ( Chloropsis aurifrofis or malal>a?-un~) 

 or the Sibia {Malacias capistrata) eat any ' nauseous ' butterfly, 

 except that in the case of the former one Euplcea body and a few 

 bits of wing were eaten." 



'* The latter bird refused with apparent dislike the male of 

 Elymnias undiilaris, which should be palatable, and was as . a 

 matter of fact usually liked by the birds to which I offered it. 

 Another mimetic species, Papilio polites, was not very generally 

 popular with birds, but much preferred to its model, P. aristolo- 

 chice.'* 



" In several cases I saw the birds apparently deceived by mim- 

 icking butterflies. The common babbler was deceived by JVe- 

 phronia hippia, and Liothrix by Hypolimtias misippus. The latter 

 bird saw through the disguise of the mimetic Papilio polites^ which 

 however was sufficient to deceive the bhimraj and king crow." 



*' Young hand-reared birds, like the shama and bhimraj, had no 

 instinctive knowledge of the * nauseous ' forms, and ate them quite 

 readily at first, but soon gained experience. Birds caught when 

 old, when watched from the first, like the Sibia, first Mesia and star- 

 ling, appeared to know and avoid unpalatable species." 



He finally concludes : *' That many, probably most species dis- 

 like, if not intensely, at any rate in comparison with other butter- 

 flies, the ' warningly-colored ' Danainae, Acrcea violce, Delias 

 eucharis, and Papilio aristolochice ; of these the last being the most 

 distasteful, and the Danainae the least so." 



5. Adverse Evidence, from Observations Made in Europe 



AND Asia. 



Prof. Theo. D. A. Cockerell writes: "When I was a boy in 

 Sussex, England, there was a wooden summer house roofed, but 



