1904.] PACKARD— ORIGIN OF MARKINGS OF ORGANISMS. 409 



*' When a deception of its enemy by a flying butterfly occurs this 

 hajDpens mostly through the mimicry of the mode of flight of the 

 protected butterfly." 



^* The experienced collector to some extent recognizes a species 

 by its flight, and is unable to recognize it by its color and mark- 

 ing on account of the distance and rapidity of its flight, or for some 

 other reason. I say intentionally the species, since the species of one 

 and the same genus is distinguished from one another by certain 

 peculiarities of flight, or by its appearance when at rest, etc. 



''But what attracts the eye of the collector may certainly more 

 readily attract the notice of animals engaged in the pursuit of but- 

 terflies. I should only consider such cases of mimicry as protective 

 mimicry in which the model, besides form and size, also mimics it 

 m the peculiarities of its move?nenis. Isolated statements thereupon 

 are scattered through the literature, but so sparsely that most of the 

 cases regarded as those of mimicry should most of them be consid- 

 ered as cases of similarity of development resulting from similar 

 external conditions, above all climatic ; certainly not to selection." 



Dr. Carl Russ expressly recommends seeking for butterflies as a 

 special dainty for singing birds. 



In an article on the pursuit of butterflies by birds, called out by 

 that of Prof. Katharina, Prof. J. Kennel,^ of Dorpat, states that a 

 pair of warblers (Sylvia) fed their five young all daylong with Vanessa 

 urticcE^ some Far?7assius amejnosyne and apollo^ which last species 

 was very rare in that region (the Estland coast), also Pieris rapcB, 

 and on many days Libellulidse. The butterflies were carried to the 

 nest with their wings "cut in pieces." Also among the woods 

 were scattered the wings of different species of Catocala, Arctia, 

 Euprepia, whose bodies may have been eaten by bats and the goat- 

 sucker (Caprimulge), or perhaps by small owls. 



" Near Kreman, Liveland, I found one day among the bushes a 

 freshly emerged Pleuretes matronula and nearby the wings of two 

 other specimens. Here was proof that these Lepidoptera were 

 caught by birds (or bats) and eaten, all except the wings." He 

 also had seen swallows catch small moths ( To?irix viridana) and 

 small Noctuina. 



He concludes that (i) such butterflies as are caught by birds are 

 edible, and (2) that their colors are neither protective or warning 

 to the pursuer. 



^ Biol. Centralblatt, 1898, pp. 810-812. 



