1904.] PACKARD— ORIGIN OF MAKKIXGS OF ORGANISMS. 447 



early as the Carboniferous period. The wings of many net-veined 

 insects were then not only barred but spotted and ocellated as com- 

 pletely and beautifully as those of insects at the present time. 



Wings banded. — Among those with banded wings were Proto- 

 phasma dumasi, whose wings of both pairs were marked with six large 

 parallel dusky bands. The wings oi Brodia priscociiicta were orna- 

 mented with three broad transverse bands or series of spots of a 

 dull umber brown color. On the wings of Lithoinantis goldenbergi 

 were broad shades, the outer half of the wings being shaded. 



Wings with solid spots. — Of the known species the great number 

 of those ornamented at all already had the wings well spotted, 

 showing that the process of specialization or division of stripes into 

 spots had already been active, perhaps during the Devonian period. 



On the wings of Becquerelia superba and of other species there 

 are traces of at least seven rows of large spots. The wings of 

 Spilaptera packardii wQxe much spotted, the spots being large and 

 oval, situated in the cells, with ten costal spots on the inner half of 

 the wing ; all the spots being arranged in about twenty-two series 

 very oblique and parallel with the veins. 



Nearly all the Carboniferous primitive Ephemeridse had wings as 

 well spotted as those now existing. In some kinds the wings were 

 actually more numerously banded and beautifully spotted than any 

 now existing. In Sphecoptera gracilis the wing is crossed by nine 

 rows of large spots. In Fouquea lacroixi there are eight sets of 

 large pale blotches, two or three in a row. Palceoptilus brullei has 

 wings crossed by six rows of very large blotches, two in a row. 



Ocellated wiiigs. — In Lamproptilia grand' euryi the wings bear 

 large somewhat eyed spots irregularly arranged. Psilothorax longi- 

 cauda^ an Ephemerid, is ornamented on the fore wings with at 

 least twelve rows of ocellated spots. 



In insects of the Oligocene tertiary age the wings were banded 

 much as in existing insects. Thus in Phryganea antiqua the fore 

 wings were crossed with eleven broad parallel bars; and P.fossilis 

 had nine bars. 



2 2. Kee«le and Gamble's Studies on the Origin of Markings 

 OF THE Shrimp. 



That stripes and bars are due to the lights and shadows of a forest 

 or grass land is the opinion of the authors we have quoted in these 

 pages. 



