450 PACKARD— ORIGIN OF MARKINGS OF ORGANISMS. [Dec. 2, 



or excessive contrasts of light and shade combined, moisture and 

 dryness, differences in environment or other climatic causes as 

 affecting the amount and distribution of pigment. These markings 

 probably gradually arose simultaneously in a given region in all the 

 individuals, and not as a variation in a single individual, which is 

 supposed to have became favored in the struggle for existence. 



4. While the initial causes therefore are Lamarckian, natural 

 selection as a preservative process may form a subordinate factor. 



5. To claim that Miillerian mimicry is due to the attacks of 

 birds, is to overlook the fact of the existence of stripes, bars and 

 spots on the wings of paleozoic insects which flourished before the 

 appearance of birds, and even of modern types of lizards. 



6. As observers and collectors differ so greatly in their interpre- 

 tation of the facts, the subject of protective mimicry, even if the 

 data and arguments here presented do not to some seem conclusive, 

 should at least be considered as an open one, the importance of 

 Bates and of Miiller's hypotheses as factors in evolution having been 

 in some quarters unduly magnified. 



We hope that no one will suppose that there is any disposition on 

 our part to underestimate the value of the labors of either Bates or 

 Fritz Miiller. On the contrary, no one has a higher appreciation 

 of their work than myself. Mr. Bates' essay shows that he should 

 rank with Darwin and Wallace ; while Fritz Miiller's brief article 

 were in the nature of suggestions confined to a few pages. As a 

 zoologist he ranks with Darwin in fertility of suggestion and as an 

 original co-founder of evolution. Darwin's own estimate of Miiller's 

 little paper is given in More Letters of Charles Darwin, wherein 

 he says that Miiller's views on mimicry are '' too speculative to be 

 introduced into my book " (p. 91). 



Stated Meeting, December 16, 1904. 

 President Smith in the Chair. 

 Mr. Alden Sampson read a paper entitled ''A Deer's Bill 

 of Fare." 



Dr. M. J. Greenman, on behalf of Henry W. Fowler, 

 presented a paper entitled ^^Description and Figure of 

 Coregonus nelsonii Bean.'' 



The President delivered his Annual Address which included 

 ''A Chapter in Electro-Analysis." 



