l68 THE TRANSFERABLE VOTE IN ELECTIONS. 



9. The Town Council, an administrative body, and 

 its proper majority. 



10. The successful work of the returning officers at Pretoria 

 and Johannesburg. 



11. Method of the EngHsh Municipal Representation Bill in 

 the Transvaal, and that of Gregory in Tasmania, for the 

 Parliament. 



12. Illustrative example of the former method in distributing 

 primary surplus from original votes in the first count. 



13. Illustration of distribution of a secondary surplus from 

 transferred votes of a member's surplus, or an excluded 

 candidates' votes. 



14. Distribution of the votes of excluded candidates corres- 

 ponding to non-effective minority votes at a present 

 election. 



15. Final process when one candidate more than the number 

 of members to be elected alone remains. 



16. The slight element of chance in distributing a surplus. 



17. The method of obviating it. 



18. Another element of chance in distributing votes of 

 excluded candidates. 



19. How Gregory's method satisfactorily obviates this. 



20. Peculiarities of South African Senatorial Elections. 



21. Cape Provincial Senatorial Election, 1910. 



22. Cape Town Municipal Election, 1909. 



23. Johannesburg Municipal Election, 1909. 



24. Composition of unused votes, 10 per cent., and other 

 particulars. 



25. Johannesburg Municipal Election, igio. 



26. Evils of present system. 



z'j. Position of the Ward under the new system-. 



28. How the transferable vote affects the voter. 



29. How it affects the candidate. 



30. Advantages of its extension in promoting true represen- 

 tation. (See Section 2.) 



I. In this paper we shall consider three recent elections. In 

 doing this a few preliminary remarks or explanations may assist us. 



In the recent parliamentary election in the Central Division of 

 Cape Town, the successful candidate got 1,695 votes, a majority 

 of i»399 over his opponent, who got 296 votes. Now one more 

 vote than 296 secured his return as a member ; the 296 votes his 

 opponent got were, so far as the election went, useless, non- 

 efficient, and every one of the 1,398 votes that the member got 

 over and above the 297 which returned him, were in like manner, 

 so far as election went, needless, useless, non-efficient. They 

 showed what a very deservedly high opinion his fellow citizens 

 held regarding him, but so far as election went they were thrown 

 away. They were non-effective majority votes ; while his 

 opponent's were non-effective minority votes. 



The fewer of these non-effective votes we have in an election 

 the better ; the more effective votes there are the more representa- 

 tive does the elected body become, in the sense of resembling and 

 so representing the constituency, the greater is the number of 



