FACTORS IN NATIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. 507 



(2) Implements of peace. 



(a) The plough. 



Bushmen implements. 

 Native spades. 

 Native methods. 

 Introduction of plough. 

 Social changes. 

 Improved production. 

 Reversion. 

 Consequences. 



(b) The axe. 



(c) The bead. 



In barter. 



Effect on commerce. 



Relationshijis. 



IV. — Communications : 



(i) The ship. 



Discovery. 



Shipwrecks. 



Intercourse with Natives. 



Infusion of white blood. 



Eflfects on descendants. 



Survey of South .\frican coast. 



(2) The Wheel. 



Exploration. 



Expansion. 



Production. 



Commerce. 



Great Irek. 



Transport driving. 



Railways. 



Motor transport. 



Roads and bridges. 



Aeroplanes. 



Serious considerations. 



(3) Concluding remarks. 



I . — ^I NTRODUCTORY. 



W'^ithin recent years a very great development has taken 

 place in the teaching of economics in the Universities of the 

 world; so recent indeed is the movement in South Africa that 

 reference to the paper read by me at the Kimberley Session of the 

 Association in 1914 reveals an urgent appeal (all the more 

 cogent because the Vice-Chancellor of the Cape University, 

 Professor Ritchie, was presiding) for the extension of facilities 

 in this subject in all our University Colleges, and that economics 

 be given its due place in the syllabus of the University. Since 

 then conditions have changed mightily, and the subject now has 

 its rightful place in all three of our South African Universities, 

 and in the Colleges either professorships or lectureships have 

 been established. The movement, however, has been so recent 

 that anything like a systematic study of Native conditions, con- 

 sidered from the economic point of view, has never yet been 

 attempted; and in the comparatively meagre existing literature, 

 while some attention has been given to matters ])hilological. 



