Contents 



BACKGROUND 1 Scope and History of Ecology, i 



2 General Nature of Environmental Responses, 6 



3 The Biotic Community, Its Structure and Dynamics, W 



4 Measurement of Populations, 31 



LOCAL HABITATS, 



COMMUNITIES, 



SUCCESSION 



5 Streams, 42 



6 Lakes, 59 



7 Ponds, Marshes, Swamps, and Bogs, 79 



8 Rock, Sand, and Clay, 96 



9 Grassland, Forests, and Forest-Edges, 120 



ECOLOGICAL 1 Dispersal, Migration, and Ecesis, 145 



PROCESSES 

 AND COMMUNITY 



DYNAMICS 



1 1 Reactions, Soil Formation, and Chemical Cycles, 163 



1 2 Cooperation ami Disoperation, 174 



13 Food and Feeding Relationships, 187 



1 4 Energy Exchanges, Productivity, ami Yield, 200 



1 5 Reproductivity and Population Structure, 210 



IX 



