I JAN I FEB I MAR | APR | MAY | JUN | JUL | AUG | SEP | OCT | NOV | DEC | 



FIG. 9-15 Seasonal fluctuations in the bird populations of a the occasional visitors (modified -from Williams 1936). 



deciduous forest area in Ohio. Transients include robins and 



Such game animals as the gray squirrel, black and 

 grizzly bears, moose, the fur-bearing marten, and the 

 ruiTed grouse and wild turkey belong primarily to the 

 forest proper, although they often feed in the forest- 

 edge, or brushland, and openings scattered through 

 the forest. Populations of these species may be main- 

 tained simply by preserving large tracts of virgin or 

 dense forests. 



Most game animals of interest to the ordinary 

 sportsman, however, belong to the forest-edge. These 

 species are the cottontail, fox squirrel, deer, bobwhite, 

 pheasant, and dove. Increase in populations of these 



species requires interspersing the forest with open 

 areas, development of shrubby forest margins, or cre- 

 ation of artificial cover along fence rows, uncultivated 

 field corners, around ponds, along drainage ditches 

 or streams, on steep slopes subject to erosion, and on 

 waste lands (Trippensee 1948). Intelligent manage- 

 ment may involve control of plant succession to pre- 

 vent its proceeding to a normal closed forest, and 

 harvesting the forest for timber and game. Proce- 

 dures for managing timber on a sustained yield basis 

 are fundamentally the same as for managing popula- 

 tions of game animals on a permanent basis. Soil 



TABLE 9-11 Average densiti 

 of total breeding-bird popul. 

 in forests and forest-edges 

 of different types in eastern 

 North America (compiled fr< 

 Fawver 1950). 



Type of vegetation 



Number of 



areas Number of 



censused species 



Number of 

 territorial 

 males per 

 40 hectares 

 (100 acres) 



40 Habitats, communities, succession 



