Adjustment(s) to Terrestrial 

 Habitat(s) (Coiiliuiud) 

 throufih ability to haiit' f'om 



trees, 346 

 through arboreal living habits 

 of animals normally ground 

 dwellers, 349 

 through daily rhythms in animal 



activities, 348 

 through lack of definite periods 

 of dormancy or migration, 348 

 through large adult size of cold- 

 blooded animals, 347-348 

 through nectar and pollen feeding, 



348 

 through nesting in holes in trees, 



346-347 

 through path-making, 347 

 no need for in areas of little 



seasonal variation, 101-102 

 of animal groups: 

 arhythmic, 99-100 

 crepuscular, 99-100, 100-101 

 diurnal, 99-100, 100-101, 101 

 homoiotherms, 98-99 

 massive, and effect of gravity, 



96 

 nocturnal, 99-100, 100-101, 101 

 poikilatherms, 98 

 of organisms in rock seres, 104- 



105 

 of seashore animals submerged 



by tides, 352 

 on basis of photoperiodism, 102 

 on basis of seasonal variations in 

 vegetation and food supply, 101- 

 102 

 reproductive, 98 

 role of foliage in, 102 

 techniques for resistance to cold 



in, 99 

 using "free water" in food in, 97 

 using "metabolic water" in, 97 

 water consumption in: 

 drinking, 97 

 obtaining, 96 

 water loss in: 

 and excretory organs, 97-98 

 uncontrolled limitations of, 97-98 

 excessive, prevention of, 96 

 Allen's Rule, 9 



Animal Reactions {xcc also Lakes; 

 Ponds; Streams): 

 chemical, in water, 172 

 physical, in water, 172 

 to water conditioning, 172-173 

 Applied Ecology (see also Forest 

 and Game Management; Lake 

 Management; Pond and Marsh 

 Management; Range Manage- 

 ment; Wildlife Management): 

 and plankton as potential food 

 supply, 371 



Applied Ecology (Can/ i mud) 

 and use of marine fish as food 



source by man, 371 

 artificial fertilization in, 208 

 determining maximum sustained 

 productivity yield as problem 

 of, 207 

 in problem of whale and seal 



extinction, 371-372 

 need for understanding variations 



in abundance in, 234 

 pest control through: 

 crop pests, 227 

 field mice, 235 

 Aspection (sec also Climate): 

 and changes in species composition 

 of oceanic plankton and nekton 

 biome, 359 

 and variations in fecundity of 



invertebrates, 211 

 as reducer of competition among: 

 dragonflies and damselflies, 247 

 grasshoppers, 247 

 salmon, 247 

 terns, 247 

 described. 101-102 

 in arctic tundra, 320 

 influence of on distribution of 



plankton, 68-69 

 in forest communities, 137 

 climax of deciduous forest 



biome, 293-294 

 coniferous forests as compared 



to deciduous, 308 

 tropical broad- leaved evergreen, 

 342 

 in grassland, and blooming of 

 perennial herbs and grasses, 

 325 

 in terrestrial communities, 101- 

 102 

 Association(s): 

 defined. 29 

 plant: 

 defined. 276 

 in coniferous forests of North 



America, 302 

 in deserts of North America, 



333-334 

 in grasslands of North America, 



325 

 in North America, listed, 294 

 of chaparral, 312 

 of woodland, 311 

 on Lake Michigan, 105 

 Associes, defined. 29, 276 

 Atmosphere (see also Carbon 

 Dioxide; Moisture; Oxygen): 

 as absorber of solar radiation, 



200-201 

 as diffuser of oxygen into streams, 



43 

 as division of environment, 6 



Atmosphere (Conliinicd) 



heights of various levels of, 243 



ionization of as affecting health 

 of animals, 243 



of alpine tundra, 316 



ozone in, 243, 243-244 



release of oxygen into from lakes, 

 64 



short wavelength ultraviolet radi- 

 ations as causes of changes in, 

 243 



weight of and lake organisms, 59 

 Autoecology {see Ecology, Subdivi- 

 sions of) 



Bacteria: 



and roots of legumes in mutual- 

 ism, 176 



diseases caused by, 181 



increase of in change of pond to 

 marsh, 82-83 



in food chains of pelecypod-annelid 

 biome of sea, 365-366 



intestinal, in mutualism, 177 



role of in food- cycle of lakes, 74 



role of in nitrogen cycle, 166-167 

 Banding: 



development of as technique in 

 animal ethology, 6 



in detailed studies of small popu- 

 lations, 37 



to determine age of sexually 

 mature adults, 216 



to determine breeding age of 

 birds, 215 



to determine home ranges of birds, 

 185 



to study dispersal, 149 

 Behavior Life Histories, defined. 16 

 Behavior Pattern(s) (see also 

 Innate Behavior): 



adjustment of through learning, 

 14, 15 



and behavior life histories, 16 



and ecological niches, 16 



arhythmic activity as, 100-101 



as sole determinant of niche 



preference for certain species, 

 250 



changes in after physiological 

 adjustments to environment, 10 



composite periodic activity as, 

 100-101 



correlation of tests of with animal's 

 behavior under natural condi- 

 tions, 13 



endogenous, periodic activity as, 

 100-101 



evolving of to facilitate predation, 

 227 



Index 405 



