Bioniass (Coiiliiiiicd) 



of invertebrates in shallow water, 



90 

 of fish, 90-91 



measurement of, transfer of, and 

 use of energy, 201 



of bacteria in pelecypod-annelid 

 biome of sea, 365 



of birds in forest canopy, 137 

 factors in, 222 



of mud- bottom pools, 55 



of organisms in forest communi- 

 ties: 

 birds, 135 



mammals, 135, 135-136, 136 

 soil organisms, 131-132 



of organisms in mor and mull 

 soils compared, 171 



of streams and chemical compo- 

 sition of water, 56 



of vegetation as equivalent to 



annual net production of energy, 

 204 



per unit area of riffles, 55 



use of in calculations of produc- 

 tivity yield of organisms with- 

 out specific adult size, 208 

 Biome(s) (see also Deserts; Forests; 

 Grassland; Tundra): 



and monoclimax viewpoint, 276 



and polyclimax viewpoint, 276 



associes of, defined, 276 



biociation of, defined. 276-279 



biocies of, defined. 276-297 



coniferous and deciduous forests 

 separated as, 138 



defined. 29, 30, 276 



establishment of subdivisions of 

 for animals as not dependent 

 on plant dominants, 276-279 



plant associations as subdivisions 

 of, 276 



principal, listed. 276 



recognizing importance of life- 

 forms of primary organisms in, 

 276-279 



serai stages of communities not 



useful in defining limits of, 276 

 similarity of system of to Allen's 

 faunistic system, 279 



subclimaxes in, 276 



system of built on zoogeographical 

 foundation, 279 



vegetational portion of called 

 f>l(int foyination. 276 

 Biosphere, as term for "environ- 

 ment," 6 

 Biotic Provinces, 272 



and biociation of North American 

 grassland, 326-327 



differences of from biociations, 

 279 

 Biotope, denned. 6 



Jirds {see also Measurement of 



Populations; Populations): 

 aquatic, conditions of pond- marsh 



habitats of, 91 

 as "accidentals" in area, 156-157 

 as diurnal animals, 99-100 

 as more numerous in neritic 

 biochore of sea than in open 

 ocean, 359 

 as permanent resident of area, 



156-157 

 as showing preference for coastal 



chaparral, 312-313 

 as summer residents of area, 156- 



157 

 as transients in area, 156-157 

 as vehicles for dispersal of insects 



and small animal life, 147 

 as winter visitors to area, 156-157 

 banding of as method for determin- 

 ing home ranges, 185 

 breeding of: 

 ages for, 215 

 photoperiods and, 102 

 singing during season for, 299 

 capacity of for incubating eggs, 210 

 categorized according to food 



habits, 249 

 differentiation of in four refugia of 



coniferous forest, 308 

 differentiation of in North American 



boreal forests, 305 

 disease in: 

 and possession of tapeworms, 



180 

 as caused by parasites, 180-181, 

 181 

 dispersal of: 

 and number of young, 146 

 distances of, 149 

 during Pleistocene era, 286-288 

 effect of weather on fecundity of, 



211 

 existence of endemic varieties of 



in Asia, 299 

 flocking by as adjustment to severe 



winter conditions, 299 

 food of on lakes, 75 

 forest- edge, life- history of bob- 

 white, 142-143 

 in arctic tundra: 

 and migration, 320 

 aquatic habits of, 319 

 food habits of, 320 

 rest periods of, 320-321 

 species of, 318-319 

 in commensal relations with 



insects, 178 

 longevity and mortality rate of, 



215-216 

 migration of: 

 annual altitudinal, 158 

 causes in evolution of, 157-158 



Jirds (Continiietl) 



during seasonal changes in 



forest, 137 

 factors in timing of, 158 

 nest failures of, 212 

 niches of: 

 as found in same general type 



of vegetation, 252 

 choice of according to foot-span, 



248- 249 

 in coniferous forests, of decidu- 

 ous forest birds, 246-247 

 segregation in according to 

 behavior patterns alone, 250 

 of grassland, characteristics of, 



330 

 origins of species of in boreal 

 and western North American 

 forests compared, 308 

 pond- marsh: 

 feeding habits of, 86 

 nesting habits of, 87, 90 

 population(s) of: 

 and catastrophes, 235-236 

 and vegetation of forests, 138 

 censusing of, 36-37 

 demonstrating nine-ten year 



cycles, 237 

 demonstrating three- four year 



cycles, 237 

 density of and competition for 



territories, 221-222 

 few species as furnishing bulk 



of, 255 

 high, and fecundity, 223 

 in desert, 336 

 in forest communities, 135 

 local variations in cycles of, 238 

 non-breeding, 215 

 reductions in due to migration, 



299-300 

 in forest, stratification of, 137 

 sex ratio of and mating behavior, 



214-215 

 small clutches of in tropical rain 



forests, 347-348 

 social groups of in tropical rain 



forests, 348 

 social hierarchies in as result 



of competition, 183 

 special modifications of for feed- 

 ing, 188, 188-189 

 species of: 

 in abandoned field subseres, 115 

 in alpine tundra in North 



America, 321-322 

 in Australo- Papuan region, 270 

 in Basin sagebrush biociation, 337 

 in biociation of North American 



grassland, 326 

 in biociation of North American 

 temperate deciduous forest- 

 edge, 297-298 



Index 407 



