Birds (Continued) 



in biociation of North American 

 temperate deciduous forests, 

 296 

 in bogs, 92 

 in desert scrub biociation, 335- 



336 

 in Ethiopian region, 271 

 in Eurasian boreal forest biocia- 

 tion, 307 

 in European deciduous forests, 



299 

 in forest- tundra faciation, 306 

 in grasslands, 125 

 in lakes, 74 



in Malagasy subregion, 271 

 in Nearctic subregion, 272 

 in nekton of sea, 359 

 in Neotropical region, 270 

 in North American boreal forest 



biociation, 303-305 

 in North American coniferous 



forests, 302-303 

 in North American montane 



forest biociation, 307 

 in pond- marsh biocies, 86 

 in sand sere, 110 

 in stages of clay sere, 113 

 in southeastern North American 



forests, 298 

 in woodland, 311-312 

 territories of: 

 methods in defense of, 252 

 well-defined, populations with, 



231 

 best development of "establish- 

 ing" process in, 184-185 

 Bogs: 

 animal life in: 

 amphibians and reptiles, 92 

 birds, 92 

 fish, 92 

 aquatic fauna of as facies of pond- 

 marsh biocies, 94 

 changing of dystrophic lakes into, 



64-65 

 characteristics of in Great Lakes 



region, 92 

 choice of microhabitat in by 



spiders, 246 

 development of, 92 

 differences of from swamps, 92 

 distinction of shrub species of, 94 

 false bottoms of, 92 

 increase in fertility of through 

 imbalance in energy exchanges, 

 207 

 low productivity of, 93-94 

 peat in, 92, 93-94 

 pitcher plant in as commensal 



organism, 178 

 pollen in: 

 analysis of and climate informa- 

 tion about past, 288-289 



Bogs (Continued) 



difficulties in identifying tundra 

 pollen in core samples from, 

 289 

 pond- marsh invertebrate life in, 



92 

 principal plant organisms in, 92 

 sere stages in development of: 

 climax forest stage, 92 

 first plant stage, 93 

 high shrub stage, 93 

 low shrub stage, 93 

 tree stage, 93 

 temperature of water of, 92 

 Bottom Organisms (set? also Sea; 

 Streams), censusing of, 40-41 



Carbon cycle: 



described, 167 



in aquatic ecosystems, 172 

 Carbon dioxide: 



and change of pond to marsh, 82-83 



and hydrogen- ion concentration: 

 in lakes, 66 

 in ponds, 79 



as absorber of infra-red wave- 

 lengths, 243 



concentrations of in air, 99, 167 



content of in soil, 165 



fixed state of, 65 



free state of, 65 



half-bound state of, 65 



in formation of plant seres on 

 rock, 102-104 



presence of in lakes, 65 



role of in experiments to determine 

 primary production of energy, 

 203, 204 

 Carnivores {see also Food, Food- 

 getting; Mammals): 



adaptations of teeth of for food- 

 getting, 188 



advantages of concealing colora- 

 tion to, 194 



and "balance of nature" concept, 

 195-196 



and vulnerability of prey species, 

 192 



avoidance of species with protec- 

 tive coloring by, 194 



concentration of on one or few 

 species as prey, 192 



deflection of attention of through 

 bright spots or colors on prey, 

 194 



desert, prey of as water source, 

 338 



directive markings on, 194 



eating of various species by in 

 proportion to abundance, 191- 

 192 



Carnivores (Continued) 

 effect of variations in abundance 



of herbivores on, 192 

 enzymes of and food palatability, 



190 

 food behavior of in streams, 55 

 in food chains, 195 

 larger, as tertiary consumers in 



fourth trophic level, 196 

 plants which qualify as, 187 

 ratio of to herbivores in coral 



reef biome, 367 

 seasonal variations in food of, 192 

 size of prey and energy expendi- 

 ture of, 191 

 smaller, as secondary consumers 



in third trophic level, 196 

 species included in, 187 

 Catastrophes (see also Plagues): 

 and environmental conditions as 



correlated with vulnerability of 



species, 236-237 

 as causing variations in species 



through survivors, 262 

 depth of snow as factor in, 235-236 

 occurrence of at widely spaced 



intervals, 235-236 

 severely low winter temperatures 



as, 235-236 

 Chaparral: 

 as serai stage in montane forest 



and woodland, 312 

 birds which show preference for, 



312-313 

 coastal, location of in United 



States, 312 

 derivation of from Madro- tertiary 



flora, 312 

 described, 312 



ecotonal character of fauna of, 312 

 in climax stage, location of, 312 

 invertebrates found in, 313 

 lack of mammals as peculiar to, 



312 

 penetration of species from into 



montane forests, 307 

 petran, location of in United States, 



312 

 reptiles of desert or grassland 



found in, 313 

 Characteristic Species: 

 and A//v l)ey cent rule. 29, 30 

 as basis for ecological classifica- 

 tion, 20 

 difficulties in recognizing, 20 

 in arctic and antarctic faunas of 



pelagic biome, 370 

 marsupials as in Australian 



tropical savanna, 344 

 of desert, 338 

 of eutrophic lakes, 73 

 of fish: 

 in dystrophic lakes, 64 

 in eutrophic lakes, 64 



408 Index 



