Characteristic Species (Continued) 

 in oligotrophic lakes, 64 



of microscopic animals in muddy- 

 bottom marine habitats, 365 



of North American deciduous forest, 

 295-296 



of oligotrophic lakes, 71-73 



of Oriental region, 271-272 



of Pacific Coast, 363 

 Clay, and soil formation, 163-164 

 Climate (sec tilst> Aspection; Humid- 

 ity; Microclimate; Precipitation; 

 Temperature; Wind): 



as basis for faunistic system of 

 J. A. Allen for North America, 

 272-273 



as main influence in type of terres- 

 trial climax, 276 



as related to zonation of vegetation, 

 295, 313 



as warm and dry in post- Pleisto- 

 cene era, 289 



change in during post glacial 

 xerothemiic period as permit- 

 ting forest to regain areas lost 

 to prairie, 326 



differing adaptations to by related 

 insect species and reduction of 

 competition, 253 



effect of on soil formation, 168-169 



historic fluctuations in, 291 



in Europe and Asia during Pleis- 

 tocene era, 288 



of tundra, arctic, 315-316 



of coniferous forests in North 

 America, 301-302 



of deserts, 332-333 



of grassland biome, 324-325 



of North America 60-70 million 

 years ago, 281 



of temperate unit of Arcto- 

 tertiary flora, 282, 293 



of tropical biomes, 340-341 



of woodland biome, 310-311 



optimum in for North America, 

 289-290 



succession in, 348 



xerothermic period in for North 

 America and flora-fauna spread, 

 290-291 

 CIisere,21, 23-24 



Coactlons (see also Commensalism; 

 Communities, as organic 

 entities; Competition; Coopera- 

 tion, Intraspecific; Food; Food 

 Chains; Food- getting; Mutual- 

 ism; Parasitism; Predation): 



by ants in subseres, 115 



classifications of, 177 



demonstration of in communities, 19 



food, in streams, 54-55 



in grazing on grassland vegetation, 

 125-129 



Coactions (Continued) 



in tropical rain forests, 347 

 Cold-blooded Animals: 

 aggregation of as method of raising 



body temperatures, 174-175 

 developmental period of in tropical 



forests, 347 

 dispersal of, 148-149, 151-153 

 in arctic tundra, 320 

 in desert as hibernating over 



winter, 339 

 large size of in tropical rain 



forests, 347-348 

 limitations in distribution of, 98 

 marine, tropics as center of origin 



of, 370 

 rate of physiological functions of, 

 and temperature of habitats of, 

 98 

 Commensalism (see also Mutualism): 

 defined. 178 



in small animals attached to out- 

 side of larger ones, 178 

 internal, 178 

 nests as sites of, 178 

 Communities (see also Biociations; 

 Deserts; Forests; Grassland; 

 Sea; Taxonomic Composition of 

 Communities; Tundra): 

 and monoclimax viewpoint, 276 

 and polyclimax viewpoint, 276 

 animal: 

 in Asiatic deciduous forest 



biociation, 299 

 in European deciduous forest 



biociation, 298-299 

 in floodplain, 114 

 in North American deciduous 



forest biociation, 295-297 

 in North American deciduous 



forest- edge biociation, 297-298 

 in rock, 104-105 

 listing of in coniferous forests, 



313 

 naming of, 29, 29-30 

 number of that can be clearly 



recognized, 119 

 slow rate of ecesis in compared 

 to that of plants, 161-162 

 as easier to recognize on land 



than in sea, 351 

 as organic entities, 178 

 associations in, defined. 29 

 associes in, defined. 29 

 balance of affected by selection of 



mutations, 267 

 "balance of nature" concept in, 



195-196 

 biomes, naming of by characteris- 

 tic form of vegetation, 29, 30 

 biotic, defined. 18 

 character of as indicator of type 

 of environment present, 18 



Communities (Continued) 

 choice of niches in by animals 

 according to structure of 

 vegetation, 29 

 climax, characteristics of, 26 

 climax, restricted nature of dis- 

 tribution in, 276 

 coaction in, 19 

 community-stands in, 27-28 

 community-types in, 27-28 

 conception of environment of as 



pattern of gradients, 27 

 continuing process of change in, 



described. 21 

 correlation of soil types with 



geographic distribution of, 172 

 criteria for evaluating species in: 

 biomasses and energy require- 

 ments as, 20-21, 21 

 distributional studies as, 20 

 food habits as, 20 

 number of individual present as, 



20 

 secondary groupings as, 20 

 time and duration of occurrence 



of a species as, 20 

 use of zoogeography in, 26 

 derived from Madro- tertiary flora, 



283 

 dominants in: 

 animals as in water, 18-19 

 plants as on land, 18-19 

 role of, 19 

 extent of, 18 

 faciations in, 29 

 facies in, 29 

 food webs in, 195 

 forest: 

 bird population in, 135 

 density of populations and 

 stratification in, 136-137 

 distribution of soil animals in, 



130 

 division of strata of into two 



major groups, 136 

 foliage arthropods in, 135 

 life-history of millipede as 

 typical animal of, 143-144 

 microhabitats of soil animals 



in, 130-131, 134, 134-135 

 nature of soil and animals in, 

 130, 130-131, 131-132, 132-134, 

 134 

 population ratios in, 130 

 physiological adaptations of soil 



animals in, 131-132 

 seasonal changes in, 137 

 small mammals in, 135-136 

 species of soil animals in, 130, 



132-134, 134, 135 

 stratal classification of species 

 in, according to prevailing 

 positions, 136 



lncle> 



409 



