Ecological Classification (Coitthiued) 

 exclusive species as, 20 

 perennial species as, 20 

 seasonal species as, 20 

 ubiquitous species as, 20 

 "indicator species" in, 20 

 Ecological Life-Histories: 

 defined. 16 



ground covered by, 16 

 of forest organisms, 143-144 

 of forest-edge organisms, 142- 



143 

 of grassland organisms, 142 

 of lake organisms, 76-77 

 of pond organisms, 88-90 

 of sand organisms, 91-92 

 of stream insects, 53-54 

 Ecological Societies, foreign, 6 

 Ecological Society of America, The: 

 founding of, 6 

 periodicals of, 6 

 Ecologist, the: 

 and determining the abundance of 



species, 31 

 development of methods to measure 

 size of populations as problem 

 of, 2 

 importance of preservation of 



natural areas to, 141-142 

 Theophrastus as first, 4 

 Ecology: 

 as challenge to investigator, 



2-3 

 as division of biology, 3 

 concepts and techniques of not 



standardized, 6 

 development of oceanography as 



branch of, 6 

 development of wildlife manage- 

 ment in, 6 

 distinctiveness of as a science, 1 

 early studies in: 

 during nineteenth century, 4-5 

 in recognizing community con- 

 cept, 4-5 

 of succession, 5 

 establishment of as field of knowl- 

 edge, 1 

 evolution of animal ethology as 



branch of, 6 

 geographic, development of, 5 

 growth of limnological studies in, 



5-6 

 growth of studies of population 



dynamics in, 5 

 importance of preservation of 



natural areas in, 141-142 

 journals of, 6 

 methods for achieving objectives 



in, 1-2 

 phenomena studied in, 1 

 physiological, development of, 6 



Ecology (Cuntitiued) 



relation of to morphology, 3 



relation of to physiology, 3 



role of Theophrastus in history of, 

 4 



rules of, 9, 9-10 



subdivisions of, 3, 4 



various definitions of, 1 

 Ecosystem, 3-4, 9 



artificial fertilization of, 208 



as best unit for study of circula- 

 tion of matter and energy be- 

 tween organism and environ- 

 ment, 18 



balanced, conditions in, 202 



circulation of salts in, 356 



complete, efficiency of use of 

 energy in, 206 



defined. 18 



energy flow through, 200-201 



food chains in and radioactivity 

 tracing technique, 189 



lakes as, 63-64 



nutrient supply of, 165 



oceanic plankton and nekton biome 

 considered as, 359 



removal of minerals from with 

 harvesting of crops by man, 

 208 

 Ecotone: 



coast forest, of North America, 

 302 



consideration of woodland as, 311 



defined. 30 



forest, in New York's Catskills 

 Mountains, 295 



general intermingling of species 

 in, 305-306 



in ant communities during sand 

 sere, 109 



pine- hemlock- hardwoods, segre- 

 gation of animal species in, 295 



Tsuga-Pinus- northern hardwoods, 

 in North America, 294 



with neotropical Tertiary flora, 

 location of, 282 

 Ecotype, defined. 7 

 Emigration {see also Migration): 



as method for relieving pressure 

 of overpopulations, 228 



from sea to land, 367-368 



of aphids after overcrowding, 228 



of birds of coniferous forest at 

 failure of seed crop, 309 



of lemmings, 228, 231 



of species under natural conditions, 

 228 



of young to new ranges, 228 

 Energy: 



acquiring of through food consump- 

 tion known as gross energy 

 intake, 201 



Energy (Continued) 

 and increase in biomass, 202 

 as furnished by respiration for 



plant's activities, 201 

 assimilated, described. 202 

 continuous loss of in ecosystem, 



200 

 drain on of animals suffering 

 stress during high population 

 densities, 241 

 efficiency of use of: 

 from solar radiation, 205 

 in complete ecosystems, 206 

 transformers, 205-206 

 equilibrium in exchanges of, as 

 characteristic of climax 

 communities, 206-207 

 excretory, described. 202 

 experiments with plankton in use 



of, 206 

 from predation: 

 consumed by higher trophic 



level, 202 

 wasted by higher trophic level, 

 202 

 grass production of, 201 

 heat, continuous loss of from 



body, 201 

 high rate of in primary consump- 

 tion, 207 

 measurement of secondary pro- 

 duction of, 204-205 

 mobilization of by warm-blooded 

 organisms as affecting fecund- 

 ity, 211 

 net production of, 201 

 predatory consumption of: 

 in trophic levels with balanced 



populations, 202 

 in trophic levels with unbalanced 

 populations, 202 

 primary production of: 

 expressed in terms of glucose 



or carbon, 201 

 in ecosystem, 201 

 measurement of, 203-204 

 respiratory, defined. 201 

 solar radiation as, basic source 



of, 200-201 

 solar, trapping of through forma- 

 tion of sugar by plants that 

 contain chlorophyll, 200-201 

 transfer of: 

 by replacement of individuals 

 that die non-predatory deaths, 

 202 

 from one form to another as 

 always involving loss, 201 

 measurement of and biomass, 



201 

 to higher trophic levels through 

 predation, 201 



Index 415 



