Evolution (Continued) 



conditions of occurrence of, 264 

 recessive character of mutations 



and, 265 

 small and large populations 



compared, 265 

 of all biomes from tropical forest 



biome, 344 

 of bird migration, 157-158 

 of cold-blooded vertebrates, 151- 



153 

 of color of local populations to 



match habitat, 265 

 of DDT-resistant insect pests, 265 

 of distinct species and genera in 



fauna of Ethiopian and Oriental 



regions, 271 

 of European deciduous forests and 



similarity in genera of animal 



species to North American 



genera, 298-299 

 of extensive grasslands as related 



to evolution of large ungulate 



populations, 323 

 of free- living parasites into ecto- 

 parasites and endoparasites, 



179 

 of internal air-breathing organs, 



99 

 of parental care and effect of on 



survivorship curves, 213-214 

 of terrestrial forms from fresh- 

 water, 96 

 of water organisms, quiet-water 



species prior to swift-water 



species in, 53 

 parasites and genetic relations of 



geographically separated hosts 



m, 180 

 period of time required for, 266- 



267 

 population pressure on birds in 



forest as factor in, 135 

 role of in low net reproduction 



rates, 217 

 role of overproduction in, 264 

 selection pressures in, 265 

 speciation in, 26 

 Exclusive Species: 

 and fifty t>er cent ndc. 29 

 as basis for ecological classifica- 

 tion, 20 

 of Oriental region, 271-272 

 Excretion: 

 accumulation of in water, 172 

 and nitrate content of soil, 165-166 

 examination of as method of deter- 

 mining food habits of organisms, 



189 

 non- nitrogenous substances in, 



166 

 of desert animals and conservation 



of moisture, 338 

 of food as excretory energy, 202 



Excretion (Continued) 

 of fresh-water animals, 354 

 of indigestible matter in feces, 



190-191 

 of marine animals and salinity of 



sea, 354 

 role of in nutrient supply of 



ecosystem, 165 



Faunislic System(s) (see also 

 Zoogeography): 

 concept of biotic provinces as, 272 

 explanation of term, 272 

 in marine communities, 370 

 in which species with similar 

 centers of origin and dispersal 

 routes are basis, 274-276 

 life- zone, flows in, 272 

 life- zone system of C. Hart 

 Merriam, explained, 274 

 of J. A. Allen (1892) for North 



America, 272-273 

 similarity of biome system to 

 Allen's, 279 

 Fiftv per cent rule, defined. 29, 



30 

 Fish {see also Lakes; Measurement 

 of Populations; Ponds; Popula- 

 tions; Sea; Streams): 

 biomass of, 56, 222 

 censusing of, 39 

 choice of habitat by according to 



oxygen content of water, 246 

 distinct nature of in desert ponds, 



334 

 effects of limited food supply on, 



222 

 feeding habits of, 55 

 and weed- inhabiting organisms, 



191-192 

 as basis for categorizing fresh- 

 water species, 249 

 in muddv-bottom marine habitats, 

 365-366 

 increasing production of in lake 



management, 77 

 in lakes: 

 anatomical adaptations of to 



habitat, 74-75 

 as principal constituent of nekton, 



73-74 

 feeding habits of, 74-75 

 life- history of Cisco as typical 



of, 76-77 

 size of populations of, 64 

 in ponds: 

 and lack of oxygen, 37 

 food habits of and biomass, 91 

 reproduction of, 90 

 in streams: 

 avoidance of current by, 47, 47-50 



Fish (Continued) 



positive response of to current, 50 

 species of, 43-44 

 swimming of in current, 47-50 

 marine: 

 and food chains, 360-361 

 distribution of in nekton, 354 

 in mesopelagic community of sea, 

 359 

 marking of as method for deter- 

 mining home ranges, 135 

 metamorphic migrations of salmon, 



159 

 migration of between fresh and salt 



water for spawning, 36J-370 

 nesting habits of, 54 

 of Ethiopian region, 271 

 of Neotropical region, 270 

 overwintering of, 43 

 reasons for impoverished variety 

 of in northern and northeastern 

 United States, 291 

 repopulation of in fish management, 



58 

 species of in bogs, 92 

 species of in pond- marsh biocies, 



85 

 toxic effects of colloidal silver on, 

 175 

 Floodplain: 

 creation of, described . 113 

 effects of flooding on animal life 



in, 114-115 

 plant communities in, 113-114 

 rate of ecesis of animal community 

 in compared to that of plant 

 community, 161-162 

 recognition of six to eight plant 



stages in sere of, 161-162 

 species of animal life in, 114 

 Food(s) (see also Food Chains; Food- 

 getting; Nutritional Values): 

 abundance of in antarctic, 319 

 as density-limiting factor in 



populations, 229, 229-230, 230 

 as excretory energy, 202 

 as factor in experiments to deter- 

 mine causes of population 

 cycles, 240 

 as factor in fecundity of fruit flies, 



223 

 availability of and fecundity of 



birds, 211 

 "balance of nature" concept in 



supply of, 195-196 

 classification of animals based on: 

 of birds, 249 

 of fish, 249 

 of herbivores, 195 

 coactions: 

 among herbivores in Arctic 



tundra, 320 

 in grassland communities, 125- 

 129 



I ndex 4 1 7 



