Forests (Continued) 

 special adaptations of animals in 



for arboreal habits and climb- 

 ing, 299 



species in southern Florida, 298 

 species of small mammals in, 



135-136, 136 

 strata of: 

 and density of populations, 136- 



137 

 arthropod species in, as carrying 



on main activities within single 



stratum, 136 

 distribution of birds according 



to, 137 

 factors in classification of, 136 

 kinds of in communities, 136 

 lack of strict segregation 



between, 136 

 temperate deciduous: 

 advance of prairie into during 



post-glacial xerothermic period, 



326 

 advantages of lack of foliage in 



winter in, 121 

 as developments of Arcto- tertiary 



flora, 293 

 climate of as favoring man's 



activities, 300 

 climax in, described, 293-294 

 diversity of niches for warblers 



m, 248 

 occupations of man in, 300 

 occurrence of mull humus in, 171 

 seasonal change in micro- cli- 

 mates of, 293-294 

 temperature of in summer 



compared to coniferous, 121 

 uses of to man, 300 

 vertical gradients in temperature 



of, 122, 122-123 

 zonation of vegetation in, 295 

 temperature of compared to that 



of grassland, 121 

 Tertiary, changes in, 282 

 tree rings in as evidence for 



weather cycles, 243 

 tropical: 

 and formation of latosolic soils, 



172 

 animal adjustments to, 345-349 

 as possible origin for most 



modern groups of plants and 



animals, 344 

 broad- leaved evergreen, 



described. 342 

 deciduous, described. 342 

 geographic separation of, 343 

 great variety of species in, 255 

 in Andes of South America, 



derivation of fauna of, 344-345 

 northward dispersal of thwarted 



by frosts, 159 

 thorn, described. 334 



420 Index 



Forests (Continued) 



usefulness of to man, 138 



uses animals make of trees in, 297 



variations in shade production of 

 tree species in, 121 



vertical gradients in relative 

 humidity of, 123 



wind-velocity in, 121-122 

 Forest and Game Management {see 

 also Wildlife Management): 



erosion control in, 140-141 



managing timber on a sustained 

 yield basis, 140-141 



methods for preserving forest- 

 edge game animals in, 140-141 



preservation of virgin or dense 

 forest in, 140 



role of farmer in, 141 

 Forest- Edge: 



abundance of game species at, 127 



as intermediary between grass- 

 land and forest, 127 



biocies of communities of, 129 



conversion of forest community 

 into through logging, 138 



hibernation in by non- forest 

 species, 137 



life- history of bobwhite in, 142- 

 143 



North American temperate 

 deciduous: 

 animal species in as reflecting 

 relation with riparian woodland 

 in West, 297 

 conditions of occurrence of, 287 

 distinctiveness of plant commun- 

 ity in Western part of, 297 

 existence of prior to white 

 colonization, 297 



relative humidity of compared to 

 grassland and forest interior, 

 121 



savanna described as, 343 



species of as occurring in grass- 

 land, 326-327 



temperatures of compared to 

 grassland and forest interior, 

 121 



Cause's Rule, 253-254 



Gaussian Curve, as normal result 

 of plotting favorable responses 

 to unit intensities of environ- 

 mental factors, 13 



Genes {see Genetic Drift; Hybridi- 

 zation; Mutations; Variations 

 in Population Characteristics): 



Genetic Drift: 

 as possible factor in speciation, 

 262 



Genetic Drift (Continued) 

 conditions of occurrence of, 262 

 low selection pressure and effect 



of, 265 

 survivors of catastrophes and 

 cycles as cause of, 262 

 Geographic Ecology {see also 

 Ecology): 

 and related sciences, 268 

 area of study covered by, 268 

 development of as branch of 

 ecology, 5 

 Glaciers {see Pleistocene Era; 



Post- Pleistocene Era; Tertiary 

 Era): 

 Gloger's Rule, 9 

 Gradient(s): 

 and formation of mud- bottom 



ponds, 43 

 from east to west of North 

 America in evaporation in 

 atmosphere, 324 

 from low to high temperature at 



glacial front, 284 

 in individualistic concept of 



community, 27 

 in mammal populations of decidu- 

 ous forests, 296 

 of environmental factors and 

 choice of niche according to, 

 250 

 of habitat from sand to forest, 109 

 topographic, and rapids, 43 

 vapor pressure, in measuring 



water evaporation, 97 

 vertical: ' 



and shifts in microhabitat, 123- 



124 

 in humidity of forests, 123 

 in light intensities of forests, 123 

 in microhabitat of grasslands, 122 



122 

 in temperature of deciduous 



forests, 122, 122-123 

 sections of, 123 

 Grassland {see also Grassland 

 Vegetation): 

 absence of animals of above ground 



during winter, 330 

 adjustments to: 

 of primitive herds of bison, 328 

 of pronghorn antelope herds, 328 

 of small mammals, 327 

 arid, stock-raising as best use of, 



330 

 causes of aspection in, 325 

 as possible serai stage in Arcto- 



tertiary flora, 326 

 characteristics of birds of, 324 

 chernozemic soils in, 172 

 conditions of grazing as in early 

 history of United States, 128- 

 129 



