Mammals (Coiitiiiiwd) 

 as retarders of succession in 



subseres, 115 

 body size of as density-dependent, 



222 

 breeding ages of, 215 

 choice of microhabitats on bodies 



of by congeneric species of 



mites and fleas, 246 

 choice of strata in vegetation by, 



248 

 correlation of breeding of with 



rainfall in tropical rain forests, 



348 

 development of voices of for 



forest living, 299 

 dispersal of: 

 and number of young, 146 

 into Africa and South America, 151 

 rivers as barriers to, 148 

 dominance of in geologic succes- 

 sion, 24-25 

 fecundity of, 210 



first evolution of in Eurasia, 151 

 food of in coniferous forests, 308- 



309 

 four-footed, classification of, 8 

 grass-eaters among, 127-128 

 in Alpine tundra in North America, 



321 

 in arctic tundra biociation common 



to Eurasia and North America, 



318 

 in chaparral, 312 



in desert scrub biociation, 335-336 

 in Ethiopian region, 271 

 in Eurasian boreal forest biocia- 

 tion, 307 

 in European deciduous forests, 299 

 in Malagasy sub- region, 271 

 in Neotropical region, 270 

 in North American boreal forest 



biociation, 303 

 in North American coniferous 



forests, 302-303 

 in North American grassland 



biociation, 326 

 in North American montane forest 



biociation, 307 

 in North American temperate 



deciduous forest biociation, 



295-296 

 in North American temperate 



deciduous forest- edge biocia- 

 tion, 297-298 

 in pond- marsh biocies, 86-87 

 in sea, 359 

 in southeastern North American 



forests, 298 

 in stages of clay sere, 113 

 in tropical savanna biociations in 



Africa, 344 



Mammals (Cotitiiiucd) 



in woodland, 311 



keenness of smell in, 101 



lack of in savannas of South 

 America, 344 



live- trapping of as method for 

 determining home ranges, 185 



morphological adaptations of for 

 food- getting, 8 



parasitical diseases of, 180-181, 

 181 



placental, absence of in Australo- 

 Papuan region, 270 



of Pleistocene era no longer occur- 

 ring in North America, 285 



period of time required for evolu- 

 tion of, 266-267 



physiology of and size of litter, 210 



populations of: 

 and catastrophes, 236 

 censusing techniques for measure- 

 ment of, 35-36 

 in forest as affected, by seasonal 

 change, 137 



reactions of to flooding, 114-115 



recent forms of, as confined to 

 Northern hemisphere, 151 



response of to cold, 299 



size of litter of and parental care, 

 211 



small: 

 adherence to homesite of, 149 

 adjustments of to grassland, 329 

 effect of burrows of on soil 



structure, 164 

 species of in forest communities, 

 135-136 



species of peculiar to Basin sage- 

 brush, 336-337 



teeth of as adapted for feeding, 188 



tundra, fossils of, 286 



tundra, insulating mechanisms of 

 for cold toleration, 320 

 Marsh(es) [see also Biocies, Pond- 

 Marsh): 



changing of eutrophic lakes into, 

 64-65 



drying of and succession from sea 

 to land, 368 



effect of drought in on muskrats, 87 



effects of development of pond into, 

 82-83 



increase in fertility of through 

 imbalance in energy exchanges, 

 202-203 



kinds of vegetation in, 79-81 



mammals found in, 86-87 



muskrats as fur yielders in, 232- 

 233 



occurrence of around margins of 

 ponds, 79 



salt, sea organisms in, 368 



Measurement(s) of Populations (sec 

 III so Populations): 

 available methods for unsatisfac- 

 tory, 31 

 capture per unit-effort method 



for, 35 

 capture- recapture method in: 



description of, 34-35 

 contagious distribution in, 34 

 counting of net plankton, 40 

 counting of surface plankton, 



39-40 

 difficulty of except with restricted 



distribution, 219 

 evaluating differences in densities 



in, 34 

 methods of marking animals for, 



185 

 negatively contagious distribution 



in, 34 

 of all animals in single forest 



community, lack of, 130 

 of birds: 

 gannets, 219 

 methods in use for upland game 



species, 36-37 

 size of census plots for predators, 



37 

 spot- map method for smaller 

 species in nesting season, 37 

 use of airplanes with water-fowl, 

 36-37 

 of bottom organisms: 

 and use of dip-nets, 40-41 

 and use of dredges, 41 

 use of bottom samplers for, 41 

 washing of samples of through 

 sieves, 41 

 of fish: 

 through catch per unit- effort 



method, 39 

 through draining of artificial 



ponds, 39 

 through electric shock method, 



39 

 through use of nets in ponds and 



shallow waters of lakes, 39 

 through use of nets in small 



streams, 39 

 through use of poison, 39 

 of insects in air, 147 

 of insects on foliage: 

 description of sweep net sam- 

 pling, 37 

 of small trees, sampling, 37 

 of tall trees, sampling, 37-38 

 reliability of sweep-net sampling, 

 37 

 of mammals: 

 and influx and departure of mam- 

 mals, 35-36 

 and methods of "marking," 36 



Index 427 



